Fruit Trees

• Preparation of S-RNase cDNA Microarray and Its Application in Identifying Pear Cultivars S-genotypes
• JIANG Nan1,2,*，TAN Xiao-feng2，ZHANG Lin2，ZHANG Jing-guo3，and HU Hong-ju3
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2341-2352. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0399
• Abstract ( 287 ) HTML ( 827 ) PDF (804KB) ( 827 ) 　　　

• Using the cDNA sequences from Hyper variable（HV）regions of 52 S-alleles in Oriental pear cultivars，cDNA microarray for S-RNase detections was established. Totally 240 dots and 55 cDNA probes，which includes all the HV specific cDNA sequences of perfected S-RNase gene，were spotted on the chip. By Cy3-labeled primers and cDNA template of tested cultivars pistils，the Cy3-labeled specific cDNA PCR products of S-RNase were amplified and hybridized with the cDNA microarray in order to detect the S genotype of pear cultivars. Cultivars with known S-genotype such as Lijiang Huangsuanli，Xiuyu，Midu Yuli，Baimianli and Deshengxiang were S-genotyped using the cDNA microarray and the results showed that the microarray analyses were consistent with their oligonucleotide genechip analyses and their RFLP and DNA sequenced results. Then the S-RNase cDNA microarrays and the oligonucleotide genechips were used to parallel S-genotyping 24 sand pear cultivars with unknown S-genotype and their S-genotypes were determined. In conclusion，the construction of cDNA microarrays has further improved the pear S-RNase detection platform.

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• Cloning，Sequence Alignment and Functional Analysis of AFS Gene Promoter in Apple and Pear Fruits
• DENG Shuai1,*，CHENG Ni-ni2,*，DING Rui-rui1，LIU Yu1，and ZHANG Yuan-hu1,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2353-2361. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0554
• Abstract ( 433 ) HTML ( 1250 ) PDF (509KB) ( 1250 ) 　　　
• Both apple（Malus × domestica L.）and pear（Pyrus communis L.）fruits are prone to suffer superficial scald during storage at low temperature. Previous studies have proved that the occurrence of superficial scald is closely related to the α-farnesene synthase gene（AFS）expression and accumulation of α-farnesene in the fruit peel，but little is known about its promoter. By using TAIL-PCR we cloned approximately 2 kb length promoter sequence of AFS gene from‘Fuji’apple and‘Fertility’pear respectively and submitted them to GenBank（Accession number：KM676083 and KM676082）. The sequence alignment result showed that the homologous sequence of the two promoter is only 48.31%，is far less than the 97% similarity of their downstream coding region. cis-acting elements predicting analysis of the two promoters found that both promoters exist hormone response elements reponding to ethylene，abscisic acid，jasmonic acid，salicylic acid and/or stress response elements that response to low temperature，anaerobic environment and pathogen. Besides，three rhythmic expression elements and two inducer response elements are also found in both promoters. The expression pattern analysis found that some factors mentioned above have remarkable regulating effects on AFS gene transcription. Series deletions fragments of the AFS promoter from‘Fertility’pear were inserted into the upstream sequence of reporter gene in the expression vectors which were then used to transform the tobacco（NC89）. Analysis of the transcription activity of each fragment by GUS staining method indicated that the shortest 153 bp promoter fragment still maintain its transcription activity and two shortened promoters with length between 276 to 573 bp possess stronger transcription activity than other fragments. A more detailed etiology of superficial scald is supposed to be discovered when these cis-acting elements，especially the ethylene responsive element reported here shall have been thoroughly studied.
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• Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis of CjGH3.4 and CjGH3.7 Genes in Citrus
• PANG Shao-ping1,2，XIE Rang-jin2，MA Yan-yan2，QIAN Chun1，HE Shao-lan2，YI Shi-lai2，Lü Qiang2，ZHENG Yong-qiang2，and DENG Lie2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2362-2372. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0589
• Abstract ( 249 ) HTML ( 781 ) PDF (884KB) ( 781 ) 　　　
• Based on genomic sequences of citrus，bioinformatics and expression analysis of two GH3 （Gretchen Hagen 3）genes，i.e. CjGH3.4 and CjGH3.7 were done in Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka. The Open Reading Frame（ORF）of CjGH3.4 and CjGH3.7 contained 1 830 bp and 1 800 bp，encoding a protein of 609 and 599 amino acid residues，respectively. Comparing cDNA with their corresponding DNA sequences showed that 2 and 3 introns were contained by CjGH3.4 and CjGH3.7，respectively. CjGH3.4 and CjGH3.7 shared 66%–81% amino acids identities with other plant GH3s from Arabidopsis，Oryza sativa，Glycine max and Populous trichocarpa. CjGH3.7 predominantly expressed in leaves，CjGH3.4 highly expressed in both leaves and roots with slightly higher expression level in leaves. In roots andleaves，CjGH3.4 and CjGH3.7 were both up-regulated by cold，salt and PEG，indicating their pleiotropic roles in stresses. Additionally，these two genes were also induced by ABA，ACC，MeJA and SA in leaves，and inhibited in roots，showing opposite expression pattern.
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• Over-expression of Gene FaASR Promotes Strawberry Fruit Coloring
• JIA Hai-feng*，LIU Zhong-jie，ZHAO Peng-cheng，CUI Li-wen，and FANG Jing-gui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2373-2382. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0563
• Abstract ( 282 ) HTML ( 1234 ) PDF (685KB) ( 1234 ) 　　　

• In this study，we used Sweet Charlie strawberry as test materials，based on cloning the strawberries ASR homologous gene，we carried out the bioinformatics and temporal expression analysis of FaASR，by manipulating ASR gene expression level in strawberry fruit，we tested the changes of physiological indicators，including phenotypic changes，sugar，ABA，pigments content，and fruit firmness. In addition，we measured the expression changes of some anthocyanin-related gene，such as CHS and UFGT，by which we revealed the regulation mechanisms of ASR gene over strawberry fruit ripening. Strawberry ASR contained a typical domain of ABA/WDS that was related to fruit ripening and stress-resistance，and ASR gene over-expression could promote strawberry fruit coloring，endogenous ABA and sucrose accumulation，fruit softening，and induced the transcription levels of anthocyanin related genes CHS and UFGT. The present study will further reveal the molecular mechanisms of information transmission in fruit development，and will also lay an important foundation for future molecular improvement of strawberries breeding.

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• Analysis of Transcriptome and R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors in Blueberry Fruit
• SONG Yang，LIU Hong-di，ZHANG Hong-jun*，and DOU Lian-deng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2383-2394. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0373
• Abstract ( 438 ) HTML ( 1226 ) PDF (1201KB) ( 1226 ) 　　　

• The transcriptomes of blueberry fruit（Vaccinium corymbosum‘Jersey’）were analyzed by sequencing transcripts combined from fruits of different development stages. Twenty-one R2R3-MYB genes were identified and further analyzed by WebLogo 3，CLC Sequence Viewer 6 and real-time PCR. In total，6.01 Gb transcriptomic data were obtained，from which 60 481 unigenes were assembled. The quality of the data was proven acceptable. Functional annotation analysis showed that 39 612 unigenes had homologs in GO and COG public database though no hits were found for the rest 20 869 unigenes. These unigenes were assigned into 55 and 25 function categories including signal transduction mechanisms，transcription and metabolism etc. by GO and COG terms，respectively. The putative protein sequences of the 21 R2R3-MYB genes contained the conserved domain of R2R3 and the conserved amino residues of2（G）and 4（W）. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the blueberry R2R3-MYB genes could be divided into 11 subclasses. Six genes in S4，S5 and S6 subclass were thought to be involved in regulating the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. RT-PCR results indicated that six genes were expressed in seven stages of fruit development though differently expressed pattern. Six genes may play an important role in pigmentation.

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• Cloning，Subcellular Localization and Expression Analysis of Circadian Clock Output Gene AsGI from Sugar Apple
• LIU Kai-dong，YUAN Chang-chun*，LI Hai-li，CHEN Yan，LIU Jin-xiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2395-2404. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0456
• Abstract ( 247 ) HTML ( 957 ) PDF (413KB) ( 957 ) 　　　

• GIGANTEA gene plays an important role in several molecular regulations in plant，such as flowering and circadian rhythm oscillation．A full-length cDNA sequence of homologous GIGANTEA gene was cloned by employing homology gene cloning and RACE-PCR from sugar apple（Annona squamosa L.），which was named as AsGI（GenBank accession KR095281）. Sequence analysis showed that the AsGI gene has a 3 465 bp open reading frame（ORF）encoding 1 154 amino acids. Sequence alignment displayed that it was a similarity of 77% and 76% with GIGANTEA of Vitis vinifera，Elaeis guineensis，respectively. The phylogenetic tree showed that sugar apple AsGI and Musa acuminata GIGANTEA are the closest in molecular evolution distance，followed by Phoenix dactylifera GIGANTEA and Elaeis guineensisGIGANTEA. It was speculated that AsGI protein is transcription factor，located in the nucleus and it is a non-secretory protein. It do not have a signal peptide. The plant expression vector was transformed into tobacco via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. GFP expression was observed in the nucleus of the epidermis cells of tobacco by fluorescence microscopy. The real-time PCR results suggested that AsGI gene showed a high transcription level in leaf，flower bud and mature flower. Interestingly，the expression patterns of AsGI gene are circadian rhythms expression. Under long-day conditions，the expression levels of AsGI gene are higher than that under short-day conditions. And the the expression levels of AsGI gene are relatively high in April，June，and August. This study provides some references for further exploration of photoperiod pathway of the flower in sugar apple molecular control mechanism. Meanwhile，AsGI gene could be used as the target gene of molecular breeding of flowering phase.

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Vegetables

• Effects of the Added Cabbage Chromosome 4 on Bolting Time and BrFLCs Expression of Chinese Cabbage
• GU Ai-xia，ZHANG Ya-kun，ZHAO Jian-jun，WANG Yan-hua，CHEN Xue-ping，and SHEN Shu-xing*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2405-2411. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0871
• Abstract ( 204 ) HTML ( 945 ) PDF (472KB) ( 945 ) 　　　

• Monosomic addition line of Chinese cabbage introduced alien cabbage chromosome 4 had been obtained. In this research，the hybridizations between Chinese cabbage monosomic alien addition line and four Chinese cabbage inbred lines with early or late bolting were developed. These hybrids were identified by chromosome counting of root tip and chromosome 4 specific markers of cabbage compared with Chinese cabbage. Two 2n = 21 and two 2n = 20 plants were obtained in every cross combination. The results of bolting investigation for hybrids indicated that the bolting of plants with chromosome 2n = 21 were later than the plants with 2n = 20 from the same hybridized combination. The gene BrFLCs expression in hybrids and male parents were analyzed by the Real-time PCR. The results showed that the relative expression of BrFLCs was not the only major factor，the effect of genome on bolting and buddingwas more than that only from BrFLCs. The effect of added cabbage chromosome 4 on the BrFLCs expression was influenced by the background of Chinese cabbage genome.

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• Prokaryotic Expression of MLPK and the Establishment of Separation System of Its Interacting Proteins in Brassica oleracea
• LIU Xiao-huan1，GAO Qi-guo1,*，SHI Song-mei1，PU Quan-ming1，BI Yun-long2，ZHANG Ying1，ZHU Li-quan2，and WANG Xiao-jia1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2412-2420. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0466
• Abstract ( 361 ) HTML ( 692 ) PDF (434KB) ( 692 ) 　　　

• M-locus receptor kinase（MLPK）is a positive regulatory element for Brassica self- incompatibility（SI）signaling，and MLPK’s cellular mechanism in this response remains unknown. In this study，for the separation and identification of interacting proteins with MLPK during the course of SI，the coding sequences of MLPK kinase domain（named MLPKK）were amplified from stigma mRNA of Brassica oleracea，and two kinds of MLPK mutants（named mlpk1 and mlpk2）deficient in kinase activity were prepared by site-directed mutagenesis. Then，they were inserted into the expression vector pET43.1a to construct the recombinant plasmid pET43.1a-MLPKK，pET43.1a-mlpk1 and pET43.1a-mlpk2. The recombinant proteins were respectively expressed in E. coli（BL21）and purified. Using the characteristic of 6× His Tag of fusion protein combined with Ni+，the purified fusion proteins pET43.1a-MLPKK，pET43.1a-mlpk1 and pET43.1a-mlpk2 respectively were incubated with total protein extracts from stigmas of highly self-incompatible Brassica oleracea，fished interacting proteins with MLPK，and established a new method for separation of interacting proteins in vitro. The result of incubation products by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed that the lane of incubation products which pET43.1a-MLPKK were incubated with total protein extracts successfully obtained candidate interacting proteins bands，compared with two mutant protein lanes. This research provides technical support for mass spectrum identification and functional explanation of interacting proteins.

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• Relationship Between Chilling Tolerance and Membrane Fatty Acids of Hami Melon
• ZHANG Ting1,2，CHE Feng-bin2，PAN Yan2，LIU He-jiang3，and RAO Jing-ping1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2421-2428. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0416；http：//www. ahs. ac. cn
• Abstract ( 316 ) HTML ( 840 ) PDF (375KB) ( 840 ) 　　　

• Hami melon（Cucumis melo L.）of 3 cultivars（early-ripening type‘Xizhoumi 25’，mid-ripening type‘Xinmi 3’and late-ripening type‘Xinmi 11’）were studied the relationship between chilling tolerance and membrance fatty acids during storage at 3 with 75%℃–80% RH. The results showed that chilling tolerance of‘Xinmi 11’fruits were stronger than‘Xizhoumi 25’and‘Xinmi 3’. The chilling injury index，relative membrane permeability，LOX activity of‘Xinmi 11’fruits were significantly lower than‘Xizhoumi 25’and‘Xinmi 3’. The relative contents of linoleic acid（C18︰2）and linolenic acid（C18︰3）of‘Xinmi 11’fruits were significantly higher than‘Xizhoumi 25’ and‘Xinmi 3’during storage at 3 ℃，and the index of unsaturated fatty acids（IUFA）and unsaturated degree of fatty acids（UFA/FA）were higher correspondingly. But the relative contents of palmitic acid （C16︰0）and stearic acid（C18︰0）were lower. The chilling injury incidence，weight loss of ‘Xinmi 11’fruits were significantly lower than‘Xizhoumi 25’and‘Xinmi 3’after 49 days storage. There was a negative correlation between chilling injury and relative content of linoleic acid（C18︰2）and linolenic acid（C18︰3）of Hami melon（r =–0.851* and r =–0.780*）.

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Ornamental Plants

• Effects of β-aminobutyric Acid on Physiological Characteristics of Chrysanthemum Under Cd Stress
• SHI Xu-li，CHEN Fa-di，FANG Wei-min，GUAN Zhi-yong，and CHEN Su-mei*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2429-2438. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0153
• Abstract ( 289 ) HTML ( 737 ) PDF (371KB) ( 737 ) 　　　

• To illustrate whether the toxicity of cadmium to chrysanthemum on the growth and physiological metabolism could be reduced or not by exogenous β-aminobutyric acid（BABA），chrysanthemum‘Zhongshan Jinkui’（Cd tolerant）and‘Zhongshan Dangui’（Cd sensitive）were subjected to hydroponic culture in 1/2Hogland nutrient solution supplemented with 200 μmol · L-1 Cd，200 μmol · L-1 Cd with 0.2 mmol · L-1 BABA. The morphology and biomass，Cd accumulation and transportation，Cd fluxes on root tip and relative electrolyte conductivity，contents of MDA，chlorophyll，proline in leaves were measured. The results showed that Cd stress inhibited the growth，biomass and chlorophyll synthesis，destroyed the integrity of the cell membrane，and induced membrane lipid peroxidation damage in both varieties.‘Zhongshan Jinkui’suffered less membrane lipid peroxidation，thereby showed better integrity of the cell membrane than‘Zhongshan Dangui’，it could synthesis a large number of osmotic adjustment substances such as proline to alleviate the toxicity of Cd stress. BABA improved the growth，biomass of chrysanthemum under Cd stress. Meanwhile，BABA reduced the increase of MDA content and relative conductivity in leaves，but no increase in proline were observed with the presence of BABA. Cd tolerant variety‘Zhongshan Jinkui’has a larger Cd fluxes than the Cd sensitive cultivar‘Zhongshan Dangui’，the tolerant cultivar accumulated higher Cd than the sensitive one，especially in the base mature leaves. BABA accelerated the absorption of Cd in both varieties and promoted transportation of Cd from root to aboveground，but has no effect on distribution of Cd in different leaf positions，inferring application of BABA could contribute to the phytoremediating of cadmium contaminated soil by chrysanthemum.

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• Pollen Morphology of the Primulina（Gesneriaceae）from South China and Its Taxonomic Significance
• HONG Xin1，WU Hao-tian1，HE Le-ping1，ZHOU Shou-biao1,*，and WEN Fang2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2439-2454. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0336
• Abstract ( 215 ) HTML ( 2067 ) PDF (3450KB) ( 2067 ) 　　　

• Pollen grains of 43 species of the genus Primulina from South China were observed under a scanning electron microscope. The morphological variability of pollen and the taxonomic implications of pollen morphology were observed，in addition，the result of cluster analysis（UPGMA）was performed on the palynology data and reported here，showing：（1）Pollen grains of Primulina were all tricolpate，sexine ornamentation all were reticulate，while the distinction exists in size，shape and exine sculpture among different species.（2）Cluster analysis resulted in the delimitation of six main subclusters with seven groups，the result showed that the great morphological hetero-geneityis in the genus is polyphyletic；And through combine，comparative analysis and species distributions，indicates that the developing and forming of karsts physiognomy in South China played an important role in the taxa differentiation of Primulina.

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• Study on the Identification Method of a System of the Cerasus Plants Germplasm Resources
• FU Tao，WANG Zhi-long*，LIN Li，and LIN Le-jing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2455-2468. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0468
• Abstract ( 199 ) HTML ( 1201 ) PDF (950KB) ( 1201 ) 　　　

• Eleven plants（#1 to #11）of Cerasus were selected to study the botanical characters of organs including flower，leaf and fruit. The genetic relationships and species identification were analyzed through simple sequence repeat（SSR）molecular marker technique and DNA barcode technology. The morphological result showed that there was little difference among #1，#3，#4，#7，#8 and #9. Their fruit colors were all in purple-black，while calyx tube shapes of #1，#4 and #8 were tubular and petioles of #1 and #4 had more short hair. There was no difference in fruit color in #5，#6 and #11，which was purple-red. But #6 had longer sepal than calyx tube，#11 had more short hair. In addition，the result indicated that #2 and #4 were significantly different from other traits in phenotype. We predicted that #1 and #4 were Cerasus serrulata var. pubescen，#3，#7 and #9 were C. serrulata，#6 was C. dielsiana，#11 wasC. schneideriana，#10 might be C. maximowiczii，while #2，#5 and #8 were uncertain. The results of SSR clustering analysis showed that more similar in morphology，the closer genetic relationship these plants had. #5 was supposed to be a variation of C. schneideriana or C. dielsiana and #8 might be C. serrulata. DNA barcode analysis revealed that ITS sequence could be defined as a standard barcode in C. identification because ITS sequences were various from species greatly. The ITS clustering results were identical with SSR clustering. Sequence alignments proved #8 was C. serrulata or variation，#5 was supposed to be the variation of C. schneideriana or C. dielsiana，but #2 was still unknown due to the lack of information from NCBI database. Whether #2 is a new species or a variation requires further studies. Moreover，#2 and #5 might be the variations with higher ornamental value. This research provided an important reference for Cerasus identification，species classification and selection through morphological classification，SSR molecular marker and DNA barcoding technology.

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Research Notes

• The Effects of Different Grass Species on Soil Nitrogen Mineralization in Apple Orchard
• BAI Long，CHEN Xue，WANG Zhou，Lü De-guo*，and ZHAO Bo
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2469-2477. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0232
• Abstract ( 181 ) HTML ( 650 ) PDF (297KB) ( 650 ) 　　　

• This experiment adopts the PVC tube cultured in situ. By planting the alfalfa（Medicago sativa‘Zhaodong’）and Siberian wildrye（Elymus sibiricus）between the fruit trees，studied on the characters of net mineralization rate of different grass species in different phenological period. And further analyzed the relationship between net nitrification and net ammonification and soil factors. The results indicated that nitrification dominated in the orchard soil mineralization，ammonification proportion was small. During the test period，in the 0–15 cm soil layer，the net nitrification rate of wild grass soil was 0.30 mg · kg-1 · d-1，the Siberian wildrye soil was 0.68 mg · kg-1 · d-1，the alfalfa soil was the minimum 0.28 mg · kg-1 · d-1. The conversion rate of nitrogen in the orchard soil was mainly occurred in the blossom period，during blossom period the soil net mineralization rate of alfalfa treatment was 3.4 times and 1.6 times than that in vegetative and fruiting period，respectively. And of siberian wildrye treatment were 1.8 times and 3.0 times than that in vegetative and fruiting period，respectively. The nitrification ability wasdetermined by C/N ratio in Siberian wildrye soil，the soil net mineralization rate of soil layer（15–30 cm）is weaker. The soil nitrogen transformation was significantly improved after planting Siberian wildrye，but the nitrification rate of alfalfa treatment reduced.

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• Genetic Diversity and Association Analysis of Local Cultivars of Chinese Chestnut Based on SSR Markers
• JIANG Xi-bing1，TANG Dan1，GONG Bang-chu1,*，and LAI Jun-sheng2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2478-2488. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0484
• Abstract ( 345 ) HTML ( 804 ) PDF (582KB) ( 804 ) 　　　

• Genetic diversity and population structure of 95 local cultivars of Chinese chestnut （Castanea mollissima BL.）from 10 provinces，such as Shandong etc.，were analyzed using SSR markers，and association analysis was conducted with 18 agronomic traits，all of these laid the theoretical basis for rational use and protection of the germplasm resources，and molecular marker-assisted breeding of Chinese chestnut. The results showed：（1）Forty-four allelic loci were detected from 95 chestnut cultivars in 17 SSR markers，the average was 2.6，and the mean of Shannon’s index（I）and polymorphism information content （PIC）were 0.67 and 0.352，respectively，which reveal that the genetic diversity were abundant；（2）Percentage of polymorphic loci of Shandong and Jiangsu population reach the highest of 94.12%，and observed number of alleles（Na）of them were 2.53 and 2.18，respectively，which also higher than the other provinces，indicated that genetic diversity of them were higher than the other provinces；（3）Ninety-two chestnut cultivars were divided into three subgroups based on statistical model of Evanno etc.，the three subgroups contain 25，40 and 27 cultivars，respectively，and their geographical origin were highly complexly，however，the other three cultivars were clearly not assigned to any subgroup；（4）Petiole length and starch cotent were significantly associated with CsCAT5 and CsCAT22 markers after a false positive test by using GLM and MLM models，and their association coefficient were 0.4027 and 0.1869，repectively.

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• Absorption and Distribution of 13C and 15N in Grape‘Cabernet Sauvignon’
• LIU Guang-chun，GENG Qing-wei，SONG Wei，ZHAI Heng，and DU Yuan-peng*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2489-2496. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0334
• Abstract ( 237 ) HTML ( 691 ) PDF (295KB) ( 691 ) 　　　

• In order to give insight into uptake and distribution of 13C and 15N and hence to guide culture practice，leaves from different positions and nodes of six-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon were treated with 13CO2 and 15N-urea. It was found that photosynthate and nitrogen nutrition were not transported to each other in the leaves of shoots close to and far from trunk；The fruits on the shoots close to the trunk exhibited the stronger capacity of photosynthate acquisition（3.74 folds higher δ value）than those on the shoots far from the trunk. The closer labelled leaves to fruits exhibited the higher δ and Ndff values on the same shoot，indicating that fruits prefer to recruit photosynthate and nitrogen nutrition from leaves close to fruits. The lateral shoots of six leaves showed 0.1- and 0.8-fold high photosynthate and nitrogen nutrition in comparison to the lateral shoots with two leaves.

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• Cloning，Constructing the Over-expression Vector and Expression Analysis of CPMAX2 in Transgenic Citrange with rolABC Genes
• YUAN Fei-rong1,2，YUAN Yao-ming2,3，LI Zhi-xin2,3，Alessandra Gentile4，and DENG Zi-niu5,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2497-2504. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0098
• Abstract ( 307 ) HTML ( 809 ) PDF (657KB) ( 809 ) 　　　

• Transgenic citrange lines with rolABC genes behave resset branching and extreme dwarfing. To explore the regulatory mechanism of plant hormones in axillary shoot growth of transgenic citrange，a full length cDNA of CPMAX2 was cloned from citrange[Citrus sinensis（L.）Osb × Poncirus trifoliate（L.）Raf.] by RT-PCR in this study. The expression of CPMAX2 was detected in axillary tender leaves of 3 transgenic citrange lines and the wild type；Additionally，we constructed an over-expression vector CPMAX2-pCAMBIA1301 for further study. The results showed that the cDNA sequence and its putative peptide sequence shared 99.66% and 99.14% of identity with its citrus sinensis ortholog MAX2. The deduced amino acid sequence contained putatively one F-box and two LRR repeat domains that arehighly conserved in MAX2 genes. CPMAX2 was obviously down-expressed in tender leaves of 3 transgenic citrange lines compared with the wild type. The results suggest CPMAX2 play an important role in regulating the rosette shoot growth in transgenic citrange with rolABC genes.

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• Obtaining and Identification of Tetraploid Brassica nigra
• ZHANG Wei-wei1，LIU Fu-qiang3，XUAN Shu-xin2，FENG Da-ling1，ZHANG Cheng-he2,*，and SHEN Shu-xing2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2505-2511. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0649
• Abstract ( 229 ) HTML ( 634 ) PDF (399KB) ( 634 ) 　　　

• Inducing tetraploid plants is an effective way to overcome the infertility of distant hybridization. In the present paper，tetraploid inducing and identification of Brassica nigra were conducted. The results showed that treating the seedling apexes of B. nigra with 0.1% colchicine solution for 24–72 h，the tetraploid plants were induced，in which the treatment for 48 hours achieved the highest percentage（73.33%）of tetraploid plants. The tetraploid plants grew and developed normally，their blades and flowers were obviously larger than those of diploid plants. The anthesis of the tetraploid plants was about
  2–3 days later than the diploid plants. The seed setting of tetraploid plants was only 13.83%.

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• The Karyotype Analysis of Gazania rigens Varieties
• ZENG Jia-shi，WANG Dong-xu，WU Yang-qing，GUO Xiao-yu，ZHANG Ya-zhou，and LU Xiao-ping*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2512-2518. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0301
• Abstract ( 318 ) HTML ( 1069 ) PDF (403KB) ( 1069 ) 　　　

• Four different types and colors of Gazania varieties were chosen to chromosomes karyotype analysis. The results showed that：(1) The number of somatic chromosomes of G. rigens varieties ‘Hongwen’，‘Xingbai’and‘Richu’were 2n = 10，‘Zhongguo Xunzhangju’was 2n = 20. It is speculated that the cardinal number of chromosomes in G. rigens plants was x = 5，while the‘Zhongguo Xunzhangju’was tetraploid. (2) The karyotype formulae of‘Hongwen’，‘Xingbai’and‘Richu’respectively were 2n = 8m + 2sm，2n = 8m + 2sm and 2n = 10m. The karyotype formula of‘Zhongguo Xunzhangju’was 2n = 18m + 2sm. (3) The asymmetrical karyotype coefficient of four G. rigens varieties were 53.80%–58.84%. Except the karyotype type of‘Richu’was“1A”，the three remaining species were“2A”，and the karyotypes were relatively symmetric. (4) The results of karyotype analysis showed that three introduced species had a near genetic relationship.

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• Sequencing and Characterization of Transcriptome of Sinningia speciosa Sepals and Young Leaves
• FEI Yuan1，HAN Xue1，YU Hong2，and PANG Ji-liang1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2519-2525. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0105
• Abstract ( 251 ) HTML ( 792 ) PDF (310KB) ( 792 ) 　　　

• The transcriptome of Sinningia speciosa sepals and young leaves was sequenced by using Illumina Solexa GAⅡx，and the functional annotations and metabolic pathway analyses of some unigenes were conducted in this study. And 22 821 unigenes，longer than 100 bp，were obtained by de novo assembly method. The total scaffold sequence length reached 28.63 Mb with the 1 548 bp of N50，the average unigenes length was 953 bp. Annotation analysis of unigene indicated that 15 053 unigenes had homolog in public protein database；However，7 768 sequences were no hit and might be Sinningia speciosa specific. The study of different KEGG pathways related to hormone metabolism and signaling in sepals and young leaves，inferred that the expression of hormone synthesis genes of promoting growth in sepals is stronger than in leaves，so was the expression of the signal transduction component genes.

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• Primary Construction of a Genetic Linkage Map of Rosa beggeriana‘Aurea’× R. Davurica
• YANG Shu-hua1，LI Shi-chao1，JIA Rui-dong1，ZHAO Xin1，JIN Mao-yong2，LI Feng-jie2，and GE Hong1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2526-2534. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0382
• Abstract ( 241 ) HTML ( 955 ) PDF (520KB) ( 955 ) 　　　

• The F1 population of Rosa beggeriana‘Aurea’× R. davurica was established for the construction of genetic linkage map using AFLP and SSR markers. The results showed that 124 AFLP markers，25 SSR markers and 1 morphological marker were located in total 13 linkage groups of the parents. There were 92 markers covered the genetic distances of 607.2 cM in 7 linkage groups of R. beggeriana‘Aurea’，which the yellow-leaf mutant trait was located in the 4th linkage group. In addition，there were 57 markers covered the genetic distances of 437.1 cM in 6 linkage groups of R. davurica. The total mapping efficiency reached 69.6% and 44 distorted markers were detected with the distortion rate of 29.5%.

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New Cultivars

• A New Grape Cultivar‘Guipu 5’
• SHI Xiao-fang，LIN Ling，ZHANG Ying*，ZHOU Yong-mei，and WEI Rong-fu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2535-2536. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0965
• Abstract ( 214 ) HTML ( 593 ) PDF (148KB) ( 593 ) 　　　

• ‘Guipu 5’ is a mid-late maturing grape cultivar which is derived from mutation of ‘Heihou’. The berry has purplish black color. Its average weight of fruit cluster is 300.0 g，and the fruit cluster has 90 berries，hundred berry weight is 280.9 g. The soluble solids content is 15%–20%. The berry has an excellent quality with a strong fragrance. It has high yield and strong disease resistance，we can use one-year-two-harvest technology to cultivate in Guangxi.

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• A New Citrus Cultivar‘Yuefeng Zaoju’
• JIANG Bo1，ZHONG Yun1，ZENG Ji-wu1,*，XIE Wen-gen2，WU Da-qing3，YI Gan-jun1，YAN Hua-xue1，ZHONG Guang-yan1，CHEN Liang-zhou3，PENG Cheng-ji1，and CAI Ming-duan1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2537-2538. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0971
• Abstract ( 493 ) HTML ( 678 ) PDF (174KB) ( 678 ) 　　　

• ‘Yuefeng Zaoju’is a new citrus cultivar selected from a bud mutation of‘Nanfeng Miju’tangerine. The multiple spots regional trial and test show that it has excellent characteristics such as strong adaptability，high and table yield with bigger fruit. The fruit is seedless，abundant juice，no residue，good-quality with great flavor，average weight per fruit 58.33 g. The total soluble solids content of the pulp is 13.36%，total sugar content，total acid content for 11.80%，0.52%. The fruit ripening period is in the early of October in Shaoguan，Guangdong.

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• A New Easy Peeling Actinidia eriantha Cultivar‘Ganmi 6’
• XU Xiao-biao*，HUANG Chun-hui，QU Xue-yan，CHEN Ming，ZHONG Min，LANG Bin-bin，CHEN Chu-jia，XIE Min，and ZHANG Wen-biao
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2539-2540. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1011
• Abstract ( 267 ) HTML ( 692 ) PDF (180KB) ( 692 ) 　　　

• ‘Ganmi 6’with easy peeling was selected from wild Actinidia eriantha in Yihuang County of Jiangxi Province. The fruit shape is long cylindrical with short white hairs；The average fruit weight is 72.5 g and the maximum is 96 g. The fruit soluble solids content is 13.6%，titrable acid is 0.87% and dry matter is 17.3%. The ripening fruit is easy peeling，vitamin C content is 7.23 mg · g-1，and matures in late October. The cultivar has high yield，heat and drought resistance.

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• A New Eggplant Cultivar‘Jingqie Heibao’
• QIAN Zong-wei，CHEN Hai-li，and CUI Yan-ling*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2541-2542. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0964
• Abstract ( 807 ) HTML ( 612 ) PDF (146KB) ( 612 ) 　　　

• ‘Jingqie Heibao’Is a new early maturing eggplant cultivar. The plant type is up-right，the first flower is between 7–8 nodes. The fruit is spheroidal，little areola，black，shiny，with pale green flesh inside. The single weight is 600–800 g. The average yield is 74 962 kg · hm-2. It has high yield，low temperature-resistant and good quality. It is suitable for protected cultivation in early spring.

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• A New Early-maturing Eggplant Cultivar‘Ganqie 1’
• FANG Rong，CHEN Xue-Jun*，ZHOU Kun-Hua，and MIAO Nan-sheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2543-2544. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1032
• Abstract ( 269 ) HTML ( 585 ) PDF (152KB) ( 585 ) 　　　

• ‘Ganqie 1’is a new F1 hybrid of eggplant developed by crossing inbred line HQ 2003-05-1 selected from‘Hangzhou Hongqie’with inbred line SJ 2004-06-3 selected from‘Shijie Changqie’. It grows vigorously，the first flower is in 11th–12th node. The shape of fruit is long cylindrical，the average fruit weight is 200 g to 250 g，fruit length is 26.0 cm to 32.0 cm，and fruit width is 4.0 cm to 5.0 cm. The peel color is purplish red，and the fruit surface is smooth possessing good luster. The color of flesh is white，and the tightness of flesh is moderate. It has high quality，good commodity，and early maturity. It also has high disease resistance and high yield，and appropriate cultivation area is in the Yangtze River Valley.

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• A New Tomato Cultivar‘Liaohong 9’
• ZHANG Zi-jun，ZOU Qing-dao*，LI Hai-tao，MA Xiao-qing，Lü Shu-wen，YANG Guo-dong，and WU Yuan-yuan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2545-2546. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0889
• Abstract ( 265 ) HTML ( 600 ) PDF (149KB) ( 600 ) 　　　

• ‘Liaohong 9’is a new tomato hybrid. It is indeterminate growth type，which grows vigorously. It is resistant to Tomato yellow leaves curl diseases（TYLCVD）. The fruit is oblate with deep-red color and the avereage fruit weight is 150 g. The soluble solids content is 4.2%. The yield of ‘Liaohong 9’can be up to 105.1 t · hm-2 when three cluster fruits are remained. The fruits are of long shelf life and are suitable to long-distance transport.

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• A New Tomato Hybrid‘Moufan 1’Resistant to Tomato Root-knot Nematode
• ZHANG Shen-pu1,*，WANG Zi-chong1，SHAO Xiu-li1，LANG Xin-an1，YANG Hong-li1，and QIAO Bao-ying1,2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2547-2578. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0953
• Abstract ( 298 ) HTML ( 512 ) PDF (146KB) ( 512 ) 　　　

• ‘Moufan 1’is a new high resistance to root-knot nematode type tomato hybrid. Its first inflorescence is in 8th–9th node. The matured fruits are round in shape，harder and pint，no green shoulder. The average single fruit weight is 155.1 g with uniform size，resistance to cracking，long storability. Average content of soluble solids，vitamin C and sugar acid ratio of fruit are 4.7%，0.2316 mg · g-1 and 7.5 respectively. It has good quality，early maturity，high and stable yield. It is resistant to tomato root-knot nematode，tomato virus disease and leaf mold.

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• A New Oriental Melon Cultivar‘Jiaoxue 9’
• XIE Hai-yan1，WANG Gui-rong2，and ZHANG Li-min1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2549-2550. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0932
• Abstract ( 263 ) HTML ( 539 ) PDF (153KB) ( 539 ) 　　　

• ‘Jiaoxue 9’is a new oriental melon hybrid with superior quality and high yield. The plant has vigorous growth and large plant-type with dark green leaf. It is tolerant to disease，chilling climate and low light level. It is very early maturity and have pyriform fruit-shape. The fruit developing period is 26–28 days. The skin is white，strong transparent and smoothy. The average weight of single fruit is 400–600 g when get several fruits per plant. The flesh is white，crisp and sweet. The average sugar degree is 14°–16°. The fruit is hard to cracking and fall off. It is resistance to transportation. The average yield is 25.35 t · hm-2.

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• A New Celosia Cultivar‘Xiaguang’
• LIU Xiao-fei1，LIAO Fei-xiong2,*，LIU Jin-mei1，LIU Xiao-rong1，WANG Dai-rong1，and LIN Yi-jian1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2551-2552. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0842
• Abstract ( 165 ) HTML ( 576 ) PDF (180KB) ( 576 ) 　　　

• ‘Xiaguang’is a new cultivar of Celosia which was selected from‘Zaoshui’mutated by space flight.‘Xiaguang’is 37.57 cm in height，23.3 cm in width，on average，and 6–9 crested inflorescences with amaranthine color. This cultivar flowers later than the original cultivar and the crested inflorescence can last over 76 days. The growing season suggested for this cultivar is from late spring to late autumn in China.

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• New Orange Distant Hybrids of Tree Peony‘Jiaoxiang’and‘Xiaoxiangfei
• YANG Qin1，SUN Xiang-bin2，WANG Fu2，LI Qing-dao3，YUAN Tao1,*，WANG Lian-ying1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2553-2554. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0974
• Abstract ( 395 ) HTML ( 570 ) PDF (162KB) ( 570 ) 　　　

• Crossbred Paeonia delavayi var. lutea with cultivars which had led to two new distant hybrids of tree peony‘Jiaoxiang’and‘Xiaoxiangfei’. The color of two new cultivars are stable and bright orange. The flower diameter and type are similar. While‘Xiaoxiangfei’is slightly pinkish，the out petals of‘Jiaoxiang’tend to be yellow. They start to blossom in the early and middle ten days of May. The average florescence of‘Xiaoxiangfei’lasts 10 days more than‘Jiaoxiang’. It has good characters，such as growth vigorous，stress resistant strong，pest and diseases resistant powerful. They can be applied in landscape and pots，etc.

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• A New Chimonocalamus delicatus Cultivar‘Hongyun’
• SUN Mao-sheng1，SHI Jun-yi2,*，YI Tong-pei2,3，MA Li-sha3，YAO Jun2，and PU Zheng-yu2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2555-2556. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0972
• Abstract ( 255 ) HTML ( 617 ) PDF (237KB) ( 617 ) 　　　

• ‘Hongyun’，a new bamboo cultivar，is developed from Chimonocalamus delicatus，an artificially cultivated variety，via separation and transplantion. The key difference between‘Hongyun’and C. delicatus is that‘Hongyun’shows pink on the stalk and it has higher ornamental value.

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• A New Wolfberry Cultivar‘Zhongke Lüchuan 1’
• YANG Tian-shun1，DONG Jing-zhou1，YUE Jian-lin2，and WANG Ying1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(12): 2557-2558. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1003
• Abstract ( 334 ) HTML ( 657 ) PDF (185KB) ( 657 ) 　　　

• ‘Zhongke Lüchuan 1’is a new wolfberry cultivar which was selected from open-pollinated offsprings of‘Ningqi 1’. It has high growth vigor and branching ability. The fruit is round and easy to pick，and suitable for mechanical harvesting. It has thick flesh，sweet taste，fragrance and high level of polysaccharides，flavonols and carotenoids. Its water content is 80.09%，which is good for juice production. Young trees have high and steady yield with early production. Low level of self-compatibility is discovered and pollen trees are suggested for the large-scale production. It has high level of abiotic and biotic resistance，especially for aphid tolerance and black-berry disease resistance.

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