Fruit Trees

• Differential Expression Analysis in Fruit Softening and Ethylene Biosynthetic Pathways in Peaches of Different Flesh Textures
• YANG Yong1,2，MA Rui-juan1，ZHANG Bin-bin1，SONG Zhi-zhong1，ZHANG Chun-hua1，Guo Shao-lei1，and YU Ming-liang1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1869-1878. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0126
• Abstract ( 334 ) HTML ( 884 ) PDF (314KB) ( 884 ) 　　　

• To study the expression difference of genes involved in fruit softening and ethylene biosynthetic pathways under different temperature storage，different peach cultivars of‘Xiacui’and‘Yumyeong’with stonyhard，‘Yinhualu’with soft-melting，‘Hujing Milu’with hard-melting，and‘Babygold 6’with non-melting in 8 tenth maturity were collected as test materials. The results showed that only a little ethylene production were detected after harvest with fruits of‘Yumyeong’and‘Xiacui’，under either room temperature（25 ℃）or low temperature（4 ℃）. The fruit firmness of stonyhard cultivars retain at high level under room temperature with time going on，whereas low temperature induced‘Yumyeong’fruit to soften. Real-time quantitative PCR results indicated that PpACS1 gene was highly expressed in soft-melting，hard-melting and non-melting cultivars，but extremely low in stonyhard peaches. However，PpACS2 or PpACS3 could not be detected in all five cultivars. Moreover，cold treatment induced the expression level of PpACO1 gene in‘Xiacui’and‘Yumyeong’peaches，and significantly enhanced endo-PG expression in‘Yumyeong’peaches. In conclusion，this study revealed that fruit softening of peaches with different flesh textures were closely related to ethylene biosynthesis during the storage period，which were controlled via regulating relevant gene expression levels under different storage temperatures.

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• Preservative Effects of Bacillus licheniformis W10 and Its Antifungal Protein on Storage Peach Fruits
• JI Zhao-lin1，HE Hui-wen1，ZHOU Hui-juan2，HAN Feng1，TONG Yun-hui1，YE Zheng-wen2，and XU Jing-you1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1879-1888. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0243
• Abstract ( 356 ) HTML ( 746 ) PDF (393KB) ( 746 ) 　　　

• The biocontrol effects of Bacillus licheniformis W10 bacterial suspension and its antifungal protein on peach brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola in storage peach fruits and the effects on fruit quality were investigated. The results showed that the fruit disease suppression of B. licheniformis W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein were significantly higher than that of the control. Inoculation of bacterial suspension and antifungal protein prior to M. fructicola gave a better biocontrol effect，and the higher concentrations of bacterial（1 × 1010 cfu · mL-1）and antifungal protein（3.0 mg · mL-1）performed better control effects. The environmental conditions，such as temperature and humidity，affected biocontrol effects of W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein. The influence of environment conditions on the activity of antifungal protein was less than that on bacterial suspension. Moreover，lower temperature（4 ℃）and relative humidity（RH 70%–75%）were favorable to prevent peach brown rot by W10 bacterial suspension and its antifungal protein. The W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein amended withcalcium[0.1% Ca(NO3)2] could enhance the biocontrol effects，and obviously put off the occurrence of peach brown rot. In addition，the bacterial suspension and antifungal protein significantly reduced the natural decay rates of peach fruits during storage，and the effects were equal to carbendazim. Moreover，both W10 bacterial suspension and antifungal protein treatments did not have effects on external and internal fruit appearance，such as chromatic aberration parameter L* of flesh，flesh firmness，soluble solids content and weight loss. Therefore，the B. licheniformis W10 is a potential biocontrol factor for peach brown rot.

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• Evaluation of Anti-expansion Capacity of Different Citrus Germplasm Against Diaporthe citri
• ZHOU Na1，HU Jun-hua1,?，YAO Ting-shan1，WANG Xue-lian1,2，WANG Juan1，PENG Feng-ge1，HONG Qi-bin1，and JIANG Dong1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1889-1898. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0092
• Abstract ( 473 ) HTML ( 903 ) PDF (696KB) ( 903 ) 　　　

• To evaluate the anti-expansion capacity of different citrus germplasm against Diaporthe citri. In order to evaluate the anti-expansion capacity of 73 citrus germplasm，this study selected the in vitro citrus leaves and fruits to establish evaluation system. The resistance was evaluated with the methods of disease system clustering analysis，average diameter of the speckle and disease index method. The 73 citrus varieties were grouped into five groups：High resistant，medium resistant，resistant，susceptible and high susceptible varieties taken advantage of three analysis methods. Most of lemon and grapefruit varieties were highly resistant，sweet orange and Citrus reticulate was susceptible to D. citri.

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• Identification and Genetic Diversity of Reciprocal Hybrids in Longan （Dimocarpus longan）by SSR
• HU Wen-shun1,2,*，HUANG Ai-ping2,3,*，JIANG Fan1,2，JIANG Ji-mou1,2，CHEN Xiu-ping1,2，and ZHENG Shao-quan1,2,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1899-1908. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0131
• Abstract ( 424 ) HTML ( 1013 ) PDF (400KB) ( 1013 ) 　　　

• The hybrid authenticity of 124 offsprings from the reciprocal cross between Shixia（a early-maturing and high-quality cultivar）and Xiangcui（a novel late-maturing and full aroma type）was detected using SSR markers，and the genetic diversity of top-grafting longan（Dimocarpus longan Lour.）seedlings were analyzed by phenotypic traits at age first-bloom and fruit flavor. The results showed that 9 pairs of primers that generated polymorphic bands in parental lines were selected from 20 pairs of longan genomic SSR and 50 pairs of litchi（Litchi chinensis Sonn.）EST-SSR，the percentage of polymorphicbands was 12.86%. One hundred and ten true hybrids were identified from 112 F1 offsprings of Shixia × Xiangcui by 6 pairs SSR primers，accounting for 98.21%. Eleven true hybrids was identified from 12 offsprings of Xiangcui × Shixia by 4 pairs SSR primers，accounting for 91.67%. The UPGMA based dendrograms indicated that the genetic variation of 121 reciprocal hybrids was significant and these offsprings could be classified into 3 groups and 5 subgroups. The rate of short first-bloom age（2.5 years old） between direct and reciprocal cross were 31.58% and 28.57%，medium first-bloom age（3.5–4.5 years old）were 68.42% and 57.14%，long first-bloom age（≥ 5.5 years old）were 0 and 14.29%. The fruit flavor traits varied widely and showed three types as‘absent’，‘weak’and‘strong’.

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• Observation on Histological Structure of Strawberry Roots After Inoculating Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae Under 4-hydroxybenzoic Acid Stress
• QI Yong-zhi*，SU Yuan*，WANG Ning，and ZHEN Wen-chao**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1909-1918. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0254
• Abstract ( 239 ) HTML ( 1409 ) PDF (663KB) ( 1409 ) 　　　

• Two strawberry（Fragaria × ananassa Duch.）cultivars Toyonoka and Tutela as material，we studied the histological structure of strawberry roots，which infected by F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae under the autotoxin 4-hydroxybenzoic acid stress by using paraffin slice. The results showed that the infection rate of hyphae of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae in root tissues of Toyonoka and Tutela under 4-hydroxybenzoic acid stress was faster than the treatment of only fungi-inoculated. The damages to the epidermis cells，cortex cells，stele cells and duct walls of Toyonoka and Tutela roots were more serious than the treatment of only fungi-inoculated，respectively. Moreover，the damage to the above-mentionedroot cells of Toyonoka was more serious than that of Tutela under 4-hydroxybenzoic acid stress. The proportions of vessel infected by hyphae both in the roots of Toyonoka and Tutela were increased significantly under 4-hydroxybenzoic acid stress，with 22.5% and 15.8%，respectively. The proportions of catheter with jelly was 26.3% in Tutela roots，which was higher than in Toyonoka roots with 16.3%. Under 4-hydroxybenzoic acid stress，the tylosis produced in root vessels of Tutela earlier than in root vessels of Toyonoka. The proportions of vessel with tylosis in roots of Tutela was 1.6%，higher significantly than in Toyonoka with 1.0% at both of them treated only by inoculating F. oxysporum，and higher significantly than in Tutela with 1.2% treated by inoculating F. oxysporum under 4-hydroxybenzoic acid stress. The damage to the strawberry root tissue significantly increased after inoculating F. oxysporum under 4-hydroxybenzoic acid stress，and Toyonoka roots wilt disease was more serious.

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• Identification of MaUFGTs from Mulberry and Function Analysis of the Major Gene
• LIANG Yan-mei1，ZHU Pan-pan1，LI Jun2，ZHAO Ai-chun1，LIU Chang-ying1，UMUHOZA Diane1，LI Zhen-gang3，LU Cheng1，and YU Mao-de1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1919-1930. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0114
• Abstract ( 397 ) HTML ( 1076 ) PDF (544KB) ( 1076 ) 　　　

• The members of the MaUFGT（flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase gene）family wereidentified from Morus notabilis genome database（http：//morus.swu.edu.cn/morusdb/）by means of homology alignment，and their expression in different tissues and at different growth stages of mulberry was analyzed with qRT-PCR（quantitative real-time fluorescent PCR）. With the development and maturation of the fruit，the expression of MaUFGT1，MaUFGT2 and MaUFGT3 showed an upward trend. Their expression generally dropped first and then increased，and was followed by another drop and another rise at different leaf positions. They were expressed abundantly in the cortex and stipule，but scantily in the epidermis，xylem and petiole. Of the three members of the MaUFGT family，MaUFGT2 always had the highest expression，therefore，is speculated to be the major gene. A full-length 1 386 bp cDNA of the MaUFGT2 gene，which encodes 461 amino acids，was cloned from the ripe fruit of mulberry‘Jialing 40’. Its calculated molecular mass was about 51 kD. Sequence alignment showed that the encoded proteins were not highly conservative between different species. MaUFGT2 thus cloned was inserted into the vector pET-28a(+) and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). SDS-PAGE results showed that the obtained MaUFGT2 protein was approximately 55 kD in size and was abundantly expressed in inclusion bodies and scarcely as a soluble protein. High performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）of the enzymatic activity of the purified and renaturated MaUFGT protein showed that the recombinant protein could catalyze UDP glucose to quercetin to form the quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside，thus confirming that MaUFGT2 possessed a glycosyltransferase function.

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Vegetables

• Promoter Isolation of Flowering Signal Integrator SOC1 Gene and Its Interactions with FLC and SVP Proteins in Brassica juncea
• CHEN Jiao*，ZHAO Xia-yun*，XIAN Deng-yu*，MA Guan-peng，XIE Ting，WANG Zhi-min，SONG Ming**，and TANG Qing-lin**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1931-1943. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0388
• Abstract ( 440 ) HTML ( 1235 ) PDF (934KB) ( 1235 ) 　　　

• In order to clarify the expression regulation mechanism of the flowering signal integrator SOC1 gene，a 782 bp promoter of SOC1 gene was cloned from Brassica juncea‘QJ’via genome walking kit. Yeast promoter-reporter vector pAbAi was constructed with SOC1 promoter and transformed into Y1HGold strain. Then protein vectors，pGADT7-FLC and pGADT7-SVP，were transformed into Y1HGold（pAbAi-SOC1）strain，respectively，to test the interactions of SOC1 promoter with FLC and SVPvia yeast one hybrid system. The results showed that Brassica juncea FLC and SVP proteins could interact with SOC1 promoter，respectively. Further analysis indicated that SOC1 promoter had three CArG-box moitfs，which probably regulated the DNA-protein interactions. Thus，three fragments of SOC1 promoter were subcloned respectively and named SOC1-1，SOC1-2 and SOC1-3，each of which had a single CArG-box. The plasmids，pAbAi-SOC1-1，pAbAi-SOC1-2 and pAbAi-SOC1-3，were also constructed，and then transformed into Y1HGold strain and fused with pGADT7-FLC and pGADT7-SVP plasmids，respectively. All the zygote strains could grow on the SD/-Leu/AbA plates，suggesting that SOC1-1，SOC1-2 and SOC1-3 could be targeted by Brassica juncea FLC and SVP proteins，respectively. To verify the specificity of the interactions，we additionally constructed three mutants which deleted their whole CArG-box，as well as another three mutants that only exchanged A and T in CArG-box. However，the DNA–protein interactions vanished after CArG-box was deleted or mutated，which suggests that the three CArG-box motifs in SOC1-1，SOC1-2 and SOC1-3 could specifically interact with FLC and SVP proteins. The study provided valuable information for further studies on the transcriptional expression regulation of SOC1 gene in flowering-time control.

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• Microchemical and Ultramicroscopic Observation on Dynamics of Storage Reserves in Chili Pepper Fruits During Ripening
• GONG Yan-hui1 and LIU Lin2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1944-1952. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0211
• Abstract ( 419 ) HTML ( 960 ) PDF (2078KB) ( 960 ) 　　　

• In order to understand the dynamics of storage reserves in chili pepper fruits during ripening，pericarps of green and red fruits were examined by means of histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. As fruits fully expanded and remained green，the endocarp and the parenchyma of the mesocarp contained a large number of starch grains，while the epicarp and the collenchymas of the mesocarp lacked storage reserves. As fruits ripened to red，starch grains disappeared，a large number of plastidial lipid droplets accumulated in the epicarp，and both plastidial and cytosolic lipid droplets accumulated in great numbers in other tissues. Cytosolic lipid droplets were elliptical and were located in the cytoplasm，whereas the plastidial lipid droplets were spherical or rod-like and located within chromoplasts that occurred in all tissues. Spherical plastidial lipid droplets tended to be present in the epicarp，whereas rod-like lipid droplets tended to be present in other tissues. Both cytosolic and plastidial lipid dropletsstrongly reacted with osmium tetroxide to produce orange color，indicating the presence of double bonds. In summary，the storage reserves in green pericarp were starch grains that were exclusively present in the parenchyma of the mesocarp and endocarp，and the storage reserves were converted to cytosolic and plastidial lipid droplets as the fruits ripened to red. Plastidial lipid droplets accumulated in all tissues，while cytosolic lipid droplets were absent in the epicarp. All lipid droplets contained unsaturated oil.

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• Identification of the Genetic Loci for Tomato Fruit and Plant Height Using a Solanum pennellii Introgression Line Population
• ZHOU Hui，WANG Xiao-xuan，HUANG Ze-jun，GAO Jian-chang，GUO Yan-mei，DU Yong-chen，and HU Hong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1953-1964. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0317
• Abstract ( 221 ) HTML ( 1064 ) PDF (714KB) ( 1064 ) 　　　

• In this paper，an introgression line population BC5S2 derived from the wild species Solanum pennellii‘LA0716’and the cultivated species S. lycopersicum‘1052’were used to map the loci for fruit traits and plant morphology. The results showed that five QTLs were identified for fruit weight，two of which were novel. Two QTLs were identified for soluble solids content，one was the novel locus. What’s more，three QTLs for plant height and one QTL related to leaf size in the study were all novel loci.

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• Genetic Analysis and Gene Mapping of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Resistant Gene ty-5
• YANG Huan-huan，XU Xiang-yang，JIANG Jing-bin，LIU Guan，ZHANG He，and LI Jing-fu*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1965-1973. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0977
• Abstract ( 306 ) HTML ( 1560 ) PDF (759KB) ( 1560 ) 　　　

• Genetic analysis and gene mapping were carried out on which is resistant to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus using tomato（Solanum lycopersicum L.）‘13072’（resistant materials）and‘13493’（susceptible materials）as experimental materials in this study. The results showed that a recessive nuclear gene，ty-5，controls the resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Simple sequence repeat（SSR）markers were used to conduct on the resistant 657 F2 plants by bulked segregant analysis（BSA）method，and resulted in 5 SSR markers linked to the ty-5 gene. The ty-5 gene was mapped to a linkage group corresponding to chromosome（Chr. 4）of tomato. The flanking markers TES2461 and TGS4151 were linked to the ty-5 gene with genetic distances of 2.4 cM and 3.1 cM，respectively. The physical distance between markers TES2461 and TGS4151 was 737 kb based on the whole genome sequence including 52 candidate genes in this region.

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• Effects of Nitrogen Rate on Plant Growth of Autumn Potato Crop and Gene Expression of Nitrate Reductase and Ammonium Transporter
• HU Xin-xi1，FENG Yan-qing1，LEI Yan1，LIU Ming-yue1，and XIONG Xing-yao1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1974-1982. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0213
• Abstract ( 257 ) HTML ( 727 ) PDF (296KB) ( 727 ) 　　　

• Effects of nitrogen（N）rate on the growth of autumn field-grown potato plants and the expression of nitrate reductase gene（StNR）and ammonium transporter gene（StAT）were studied. SPAD reading increased as fertilizer N rate increased from 0 to 360 kg · hm-2 at the tuber initiation and the tuber bulking periods；Interestingly，the expression of StNR and StAT in leaf tissue decreased as fertilizer N rate increased，exhibiting a significant（P < 0.01）negative correlation with nitrate application rate and SPAD reading at the tuber initiation and the tuber bulking periods. Plant height and stem diameter increased with increasing fertilizer N rate. For the total tuber number per plant， the mean tuber weight and the total yield，they increased to the maximum values，then decreased while fertilizer N rate increased. Forstarch content，it decreased with increasing fertilizer N rate. Taken together，fertilizer N rate at 90–135 kg · hm-2 can be recommended for the autumn potato crop. Additional analysis demonstrated that as fertilizer N application increased，soil and tuber ammonium-N concentration increased. In soil of 0–20 cm depth in the potato root zone，ammonium-N level was between 1.55 to 9.34 mg · kg-1；And no significant increase was observed when N fertilizer N rate was below 360 kg · hm-2. In tubers，ammonium-N concentration was between 20.58 to 49.81 mg · kg-1；And as fertilizer N rate increased，a significant increase（P < 0.01）of tuber ammonium-N was observed. The results would provide theoretical basis for establishment of the molecular detection method for nitrogen sufficiency in field-grown potato plants and field nitrogen fertilizer managements.

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Ornamental Plants

• Molecular Cloning of Ubiquitin Protein Gene and Study on This Gene as Reference Gene in Tree Peony
• LIU Chuan-jiao1,2，WANG Shun-li2,*，XUE Jing-qi2，ZHU Fu-yong2，REN Xiu-xia2，LI Ming-yang1,**，and ZHANG Xiu-xin2,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1983-1992. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0180；
• Abstract ( 301 ) HTML ( 939 ) PDF (650KB) ( 939 ) 　　　

• One ubiquitin protein gene was obtained from tree peony（Paeonia suffruticosa‘Luoyanghong’）by RT-PCR. It was designated as PsUBI and the GenBank accession number was KP742952. The open reading frame（ORF）of PsUBI was 447 bp，and could encode 148 amino acids.Homologous alignment shows that it shared over 81% nucleotide sequence similarity and over 96% amino acid sequence similarity with ubiquitins in other plants. The phylogenetic tree analysis suggested that the relationship of ubiquitin between P. suffruticosa and Gossypium hirsutum was close，based on the amino acid sequences. Real time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that compared to other five commonly used housekeeping genes（GAPDH，GAPDH1，tubulin，tubulin2，18S rRNA），ubiquitin has the most constant CT values of PCR amplification curve in different tissues of tree peony，especially in floral organs. Further analysis of the results showed that PsUBI was constantly expressed in various organs of tree peony such as roots，stems，leaves，petals，stamens and carpels，especially in floral organs. We used ubiquitin as the reference gene，and found that the expression pattern of PsAG in floral organs of tree peony was consistent with its action sites. Thus，PsUBI can be more appropriate for floral organ study of tree peony.

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• Identification of Pathogen Colletotrichum boninense from Cymbidium goeringii and Its Biological Characteristics
• ZHOU Ping-lan1,4，TANG Xin-ke4，LONG Yue-lin2,*，and ZHOU Xiao-mao2,3,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 1993-2001. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0084
• Abstract ( 391 ) HTML ( 950 ) PDF (355KB) ( 950 ) 　　　

• Pathogen causing anthracnose on Cymbidium goeringii in Hunan was isolated and identified，and the impact of nutritional and non-nutritional factors on its growth was analyzed. The results showed that the pathogen of anthracnose on Cymbidium goeringii was Colletotrichum boninense Moriwaki，Sato & Tsukiboshi. This strain grew well on media of PDA，PSA and CSA. For carbon sources，it grew better in glucose than in sucrose，maltose or fructose. Yeast extract，peptone and KNO3 were the better organic and inorganic nitrogen sources，respectively. The optimal acidity of culture medium was pH 5.0–8.0，light or darkness. Its hyphae could extend at 15–35 ℃，and the optimum temperature was 25 ℃. The lethal temperatures of hyphae and spores were 48 ℃ and 50 ℃ in 20 min，respectively.

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• Floral Syndrome and Breeding System of Calotropis gigantean
• LIU Peng，LIU Hui-min*，WANG Lian-chun，LI Lu，ZHENG Yuan，and ZHANG Tai-kui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2002-2014. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1099
• Abstract ( 712 ) HTML ( 1316 ) PDF (1144KB) ( 1316 ) 　　　

• The low natural fruit set rates of Calotropis gigantean L. decreased the ecnomic application in fibers. The surveies on the blooming progress，floral traits，flower-visiting insects，pollen viabilities，stigma receptivity，and breeding system of the wild C. gigantean groups in Yuanjiang region of Yunnan，were performed.（1）The C. gigantean flowers had sympodium umbels，the hyacinthine corollas，blooming all the year round and the flowering phase of 7–8 d. Their pollen had strong vitalities and stigma possessed certain receptivity during the flowering. The anther height was lower than the stigma height. All pollen grains which were wrapped by the ceraceous thin film and formed the pollinaria could not scatter and fall on the stigma. Consequnently，there was the spatial isolation between the anther and the stigma.（2）The hybridization indexes of 4 indicated that the breeding was the outcrossing and partly self-compatible，and demanded the pollinators. That the pollination on the anther slit instead of the stigma had certainlimitations was surveyed through the test of the hand-pollinate on the C. gigantean.（3）The test on the hand-pollinate on the C. gigantean revealed that the pollination on the Stigmatic chamber rather than the stigma resulted in the limitiations to pollination. There were no spontaneous self-pollination phenomenon and no apomixis phenomenon under field conditions. The setting ratios of the artificial pollination surveyed on the outcrossing were higher than which surveyed on the self-pollination. Therefore，the setting rate differences between them verified the results of the hybridization indexes.（4）The insect moved out the pollinaria and inserted it into the Stigmatic chamber to finish the pollination，using their special body parts. More than ten kinds of flower-visiting insects were surveyed on the C. gigantean and the pollinating insects mainly were the MicrMicrapis andreniformis Smith，Xylocopa tenuiscapa and a specie of the Xylocopa family. Pollen limitation is the main reason of the low C. gigantean fruit setting rates，and the fruit production of the C. gigantean can be improveded through the rearering of the main pollinators.

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• Analysis of DNA Methylation Levels and Patterns in Dwarf Ornamental Cunninghamia lanceolata
• LIU Qiong-yao，HUANG Hua-hong，FENG Hui-ping，LOU Xiong-zhen*，and TONG Zai-kang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2015-2022. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0167
• Abstract ( 294 ) HTML ( 914 ) PDF (488KB) ( 914 ) 　　　

• In this study，methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism（MSAP）analysis was performed in dwarf ornamental Cunninghamia lanceolata（dwarf-type）and wild-type，to characterize the DNA methylation levels and patterns of CCGG sites in leaves and xylem. A total of 745 CCGG loci were both amplified in leaf of dwarf-type and wild-type using 20 primer combinations. And among them，508（68.17%）and 505（67.83%）loci were methylated respectively. While the primer combinations totally amplified 742 and 737 CCGG loci，respectively in the xylem of dwarf-type and wild-type. A 63.52% of loci were methylated in the xylem of dwarf-type，which was significantly less than that of wild-type（67.51%）. It was found that the DNA methylation patterns changed in dwarf-type compared with wild-type. The hypermethylation rate was higher than hypermethylation rate both in leaves and xylem.Subsequent cloning and analysis of methylation DNA sequences showed that methylation level of IBR5 promoter sequence increased in dwarf-type. IBR5 is a phosphatase that modulates phytohormone signal transduction. Therefore，it was inferable that methylation of genes involved in phytohormone signal transduction could be a cause of dwarf-type formation.

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Research Notes

• Relationship of Carbohydrate，Mineral Content，Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and‘Fuji’Apple Watercore Occurred
• DU Yan-min，WANG Wen-hui*，HANG Bo，TONG Wei，WANG Zhi-hua，and JIA Xiao-hui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2023-2030. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0181
• Abstract ( 445 ) HTML ( 908 ) PDF (263KB) ( 908 ) 　　　

• The relationships of carbohydrate，mineral content and reactive oxygen species metabolism and watercore occurred of Fuji apple from Aksu，Xinjiang were investigated. The results showed that the watercore incidence positively correlated with soluble solids content（P < 0.05），but it did not show significant correlation with fruit weight，aspect ratio，L value，b* value，h° value. Furthermore，higher sorbitol，sucrose and lower fructose，glucose concentrations were found in watercore fruits and tissues，especially for sorbitol，which is 2.19 times and 2.86 times of watercore-free fruits and tissues respectively. Moreover，higher accumulation of K and B and lower content of Ca，Zn and Fe were involved with watercore incidence. Meanwhile，in the watercored fruit and tissue，superoxide radical and H2O2 content were significantly higher than those in watercore-free apples，which were 282.39%，68.17% and 12.6%，107.62% higher for fruits and tissues，respectively. POD，SOD and CAT activities were significantly decreased in watercore fruits and tissues. MDA content and relative electrolytic conductivity weresignificantly increased，indicating the serious membrane peroxidation.

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• Transcriptome Profiling of Ripening Mango Fruit Treated with 1-MCP Using Digital Gene Expression（DGE）Sequencing
• ZHANG Lan1，LI Jie-fa2，CHEN Xiang-ling1，LI Guo-guo1，LIU Yao-xin1，and SU Wei-qiang1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2031-2038. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0209
• Abstract ( 373 ) HTML ( 1068 ) PDF (360KB) ( 1068 ) 　　　

• 1-methylcyclopropene（1-MCP）is usually applied to extend shelf life of mango（Mangifera indica Linn‘Tainong 1’）fruits and reduce post-harvest deterioration. In order to explore the influence of 1-MCP on the fruit storage，the harvested Tainong 1 mango fruits were treated with 1-MCP（1 μL · L-1）under room temperature for 12 hours，fruits without 1-MCP treatment served as the control. Transcriptome profiling of mature mango fruits was conducted by digital gene expression（DGE）sequencing method. Seven thousand three hundred and fifty differentially expressed genes（DEGs）were identified between 1-MCP treated and control fruits. The DEGs involved in many pathways including cell wall metabolism，hormone regulation，stress and defense，oxidative damage protection，energy and metabolism，protein folding，programmed cell death mediated by the ubiquitination and proteosome pathways，as well as ripening and senescence processes. To validate the DGE data，six genes were selected for real-timequantitative PCR（qRT-PCR）analysis. Gene ontology（GO）term enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that 1-MCP treatment could protect fruit cells by enhancing the stress resistance，inhibiting substance and energy metabolism and reducing the intracellular calcium loss. The qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the accuracy of DGE results.

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• Effects of Continuous Cropping Soil Sterilization and Applying of Different Fertilizer on Phenolic Acids in Rhizosphere Soil of the Strawberry Plants and Soil Enzyme Activities
• TIAN Gei-lin1,2，YAN Ting-ting1，BI Yan-meng3，SUN Zhen-jun3，and ZHANG Lu-sheng1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2039-2048. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0192
• Abstract ( 236 ) HTML ( 1300 ) PDF (326KB) ( 1300 ) 　　　

• Soil sterilization is one of the most efficiency methods to remit continuous cropping obstacle and the growth of strawberry plants root still exhibits significant restrained compared with that grown in normal cropping soil. A pot experiment was conducted to verify the effect of sterilizing and different kinds of fertilizer on phenolic acids in rhizosphere soil and soil enzyme activities before flowering of strawberry plants which had grown up to 60 days since transplanting. The results showed that soil sterilization or applying organic fertilizer could significantly（P < 0.05）promote phenolic acids content increasing in rhizosphere soil of strawberry plant compared with unsterilized soil and applying inorganic fertilizer，and the increasing of phenolic acid applied with vermicompost was significantly（P < 0.05）lower than that applied with cattle manure. After soil sterilization，the activity of soil polyphenol oxidase could be recovered if applying organic fertilizer. The activity of soil catalase could be faster recovered if applying organic fertilizer than inorganic fertilizer. Applying vermicompost could significantly（P < 0.05）promote the activity of soil urease compared with applying cattle manure or inorganic fertilizer. The activity of soil sucrase decreased significantly（P < 0.05）because of soil sterilization and there are no significant difference between treatments of applying different fertilizers. Overall，our results suggested that application of vermicompost which can alleviate the effects of phenolic acids in rhizosphere soil and improve soil urease and other related enzyme activity is an effective measure to alleviate soil sterilization effect on strawberry plant growth and development in a continuously mono-cropped strawberry system.

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• Gene Cloning and Expression Analysis of Three Aux/IAA Genes in Eggplant
• ZHANG Li-hui1,*，TIAN Shi-bing2,*，WANG Zhi-min1,**，AN Li-yu1，TANG Qing-lin1，WANG Yong-qing2，YANG Yang2，and SONG Ming1,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2049-2058. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0338
• Abstract ( 421 ) HTML ( 1040 ) PDF (1279KB) ( 1040 ) 　　　

• Three Aux/IAA genes SmIAA3，SmIAA4 and SmIAA9 in eggplant were cloned from parthenocarpic eggplant‘D-7-1’. The full CDS length of SmIAA3，SmIAA4 and SmIAA9 was 573，564 and 915 bp，which encoded three polypeptides of 190，187 and 304 amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the three proteins belonged to Aux/IAA family proteins and they had the highest similarity with Aux/IAA proteins of tomato. And the three novel proteins contained conserved domainⅠ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ and Ⅳ of Aux/IAA family proteins. The molecular weight of the three proteins were 21.50，20.95 and 32.67 kD with isoelectric point 7.62，6.02 and 8.57 respectively. The RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of SmIAA9 gene was different between parthenocarpic and nonparthenocarpic eggplant. Evidently the parthenocarpic was higher than the nonparthenocarpic before flowering，which indicated thatSmIAA9 would be a gene related with parthenocarpy.

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• Effects of NPK Fertilizers and Organic Manure on Nutritional Quality，Yield of Tomato and Soil Enzyme Activities
• ZHANG En-ping，TAN Fu-lei，WANG Yue，ZHANG Shu-hong*，DUAN Yu，and ZHOU Fang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2059-2058. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0341
• Abstract ( 269 ) HTML ( 1081 ) PDF (269KB) ( 1081 ) 　　　

• Effects of organic manure and combined NPK fertilizers on tomato yield，nutrient contents and soil enzyme activities were systematically studied under long-term fertilization condition. Results showed that application of NPK could improve the contents of vitamin C，soluble solids，soluble protein，soluble sugar and total yield as well. Potash application resulted in significant improvement on vitamin C，soluble solids. Significant effects of phosphate and nitrogen on soluble sugar and total tomato yield were also found. Combined applications of NPK fertilizers and organic manure incented the addition of soil enzyme activities. Manure with nitrogen improved the catalase activity significantly. Phosphate played an important role on improvement of invertase and protease activities. Positive correlation between tomato yield，nutritional quality and soil enzyme activities had been found. Soil intertase activity especially contributed on tomato nutritional quality.

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• Effects of Yeast Saccharide Treatment on Chilling Resistance and Physiological Quality of Cherry Tomatoes
• WANG Meng-han1,2，WANG Kai-chen2，MA Li1,2，TANG Jian2，QIAO Yong-jin2,*，and ZHANG Min3
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2068-2074. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0304
• Abstract ( 272 ) HTML ( 707 ) PDF (332KB) ( 707 ) 　　　

• In order to explore the effect of yeast saccharide treatment on chilling injury and physiological quality of cherry tomatoes，0.1，0.5，1.0 and 3.0 g · L-1 yeast saccharide were used to soak cherry tomatoes for 20 min. Then，samples were packed in polyethylene plastic bag（unsealed）and stored at the conditions of（2 ± 1）℃ and RH 85%–95%. The results showed that yeast saccharide was effective for restraining the chilling injury，slowing down the decline of quality indexes and improving the activity of antioxidant enzyme system. During storage，cherry tomatoes treated with 0.5 g · L-1 yeast saccharide was optimum，according to physiological quality and chilling injury index.

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• Cloning and Expression Analysis of Silicon Transporter Gene CmLsi3 in Roots of Pumpkin
• WANG Hui1，ZHAO Sheng1，WEI Min1,2,*，WANG Xiu-feng1,2，SHI Qing-hua1,2，and YANG Feng-juan1,2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2075-2082. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0308
• Abstract ( 182 ) HTML ( 889 ) PDF (1097KB) ( 889 ) 　　　

• Two pumpkin cultivars for cucumber grafting‘Yunnan Figleaf Gourd’（Cucurbita ficifolia）and‘Huangchenggen 2’（C. moschata），which have weak and strong de-blooming abilities respectively，were used in this study，and the full length cDNA of the silicon transporter gene were cloned by RT-PCR and RACE，and named CmLsi3（GenBank accession numbers are KM203110 and KM359142）. The full-length of cDNA was 1 206 bp，and the open reading frame（ORF）was 795 bp，encoding 264 amino acids，and only four amino acids were different in‘Yunnan Figleaf Gourd’and‘Huangchenggen 2’，However the amino acid sequences shared at least 50% identity with those in cucumber，maize and barley. The transporter encoded by CmLsi3 contained typical two sparagine-proline-alanine（NPA）motifs，six transmembrane domains and a distinct ar/R（aromatic/arginine）selectivity filter composed from Gly（G），Ser（S），Gly（G）and Arg（R），belonging to nodulin 26-like intrinsic membrane protein Ⅲ（NIP Ⅲ）subgroup of plant aquaporin. The expression of Cmlsi3 was investigated by using fluorescence quantitativeRT-PCR and the result showed that the CmLsi3 gene was expressed in roots，stems and leaves of pumpkin and the expression level in organs were higher in‘Yunnan Figleaf Gourd’than in‘Huangchenggen 2’.

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New Cultivars

• A New Late-ripening Apple Cultivar‘Ruiyang’
• WANG Lei-cun1，ZHAO Zheng-yang1,*，GAO Hua1，YANG Ya-zhou1，LIU Zhen-zhong1，WU Yue-ni2，ZHANG Bo-hu1，and DANG Zhi-hong2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2083-2084. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0580
• Abstract ( 969 ) HTML ( 790 ) PDF (353KB) ( 790 ) 　　　

• ‘Ruiyang’is a new late-ripening apple cultivar bred from‘Qinguan’בFuji’. The average fruit weight is 282.3 g. The fruit skin is glossy，covered with bright red color and small fruit dot. The flesh is crisp，juicy，and sweet，having an aromatic flavor. Its soluble solids content is 16.5%，titratable acid content is 0.33%，firmness is 7.21 kg · cm-2. It is harvested during mid-October in Weibei Shaanxi，and the fruit has a long storage life.

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• A New Early-ripening Apple Cultivar‘Jiping 1’
• WANG Xian-ge，LI Xue-ying，HAO Jie*，FENG Jian-zhong*，YAN Xin-min，and SUO Xiang-min
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2085-2086. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0868
• Abstract ( 367 ) HTML ( 827 ) PDF (148KB) ( 827 ) 　　　

• ‘Jiping 1’is a new early-ripening apple cultivar selected from‘Tengmu 1’and natural hybridization pollination. Its fruit shape is cone，average fruit weight is 146.8 g，the largest is 217.5 g. The fruit skin is clean，the base of color is green and yellow，covered by bright red color. Its flesh is cream yellow，crisp，juicy，sour-sweet，palatable，aromatic，and good taste quality，with a firmness of 11.1 kg · cm-2，a soluble solids content of 14.88%. The basic fruit development is 90–100 d. The main characteristic is constant-maturity，non-dropping fruit before picking，strong-storage，disease resistance，high and constant yield，and the yield can be 37.5 t · hm-2.

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• A New Eearly-ripening Peach Cultivar‘Danli’
• LIN Yun-di*，HAN Xia，GAO Jing，ZHAO Qing-zhu，ZHANG Dong-qi，QIU Yu-bin，and ZHAO Jing-jie
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2087-2088. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0814
• Abstract ( 409 ) HTML ( 682 ) PDF (171KB) ( 682 ) 　　　

• ‘Danli’is a new peach cultivar bred from‘Liuyuexian’. Its fruit ship is nearly round with an average fruit weight 225.7 g. The fruit skin clolor is bright and flush degree is above 80%. The flesh is white，crisp，sweet，with intermediate red pigment. The soluble solids content is 13.7%. It has good storage traits. The fruit development period is 80 to 85 days. The variety has a high yield and bear fruits 40 t · hm-2.

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• A New Flat Peach Cultivar‘Zhongpantao 11’
• CHEN Chang-wen，ZHU Geng-rui，WANG Li-rong*，FANG Wei-chao，CAO Ke，WANG Xin-wei，and FENG Yi-bin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2089-2090. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0825
• Abstract ( 1454 ) HTML ( 879 ) PDF (167KB) ( 879 ) 　　　

• ‘Zhongpantao 11’is a new flat peach cultivar bred by embryo rescue technology，its pedigree is‘Hongshanhu’ב91-4-18’（NJN78 × Fenghua Pantao）. The fruit weight is 180–200 g. The peel has beautiful blush color approximately 60% percent of bright red. Yellow flesh，firm texture，SSC 14%，low acid，and cling stone. Fruits ripen in mid-late July，and the fruit development period is 120 d. The cultivar has high yield，the average yield is 38 888 kg · hm-2.

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• A New Processing Apricot Cultivar‘Jinxiu’
• ZHAO Xi-ping1,*，LIU Tie-zheng1，WU Xiao-hong1，TANG Huan-ying2，ZHANG Xian-cheng3，WANG Jing-tao1，MA Wen-hui1，and YUAN Li-yong2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2091-2092. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0817
• Abstract ( 332 ) HTML ( 616 ) PDF (442KB) ( 616 ) 　　　

• ‘Jinxiu’is a processing apricot（Armeniaca vulgaris L.）cultivar derived from the cross of‘Chuanzhihong’בJintaiyang’. The fruit is oval-shaped with the ground color of orange and 1/4–1/2 sheet red in the surface. The average fruit weight is 65.5 g，and the maximum is 106 g. The flesh is orange，fine with very less fiber，toughness，less juice，sour-sweet and freestone. The soluble solids content is 12.5%. Edible rate is 95.8%. The fruit skin hardness is 12.9 kg · cm-2 and storable. The preserved apricots has orange color and tasty. Preserved yield is 40%. The fruit development period is 72 days. It has high yield. The yield in full fruit period can reach 37 t · hm-2.

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• A New Bitter Gourd Cultivar‘Fenglü 2’
• ZHANG Chang-yuan*，LUO Shao-bo，LUO Jian-ning，HE Xiao-li，and ZHENG Xiao-ming
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2093-2094. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0808
• Abstract ( 350 ) HTML ( 848 ) PDF (137KB) ( 848 ) 　　　

• ‘Fenglü 2’is a new bitter gourd hybrid developed by crossing lines‘B2411’× ‘Shanyin B1610’. The shape of fruit is long coniferm，with green skin，about 26 cm in length，6.1 cm in diameter. It has excellent characteristics such as high quality，high yield，moderately resistance to powdery mildew and blight. The average fruit weight is 360 g. The yield is up to 75 t · hm-2。

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• A New Seedless Watermelon Cultivar‘Xinshengdai 3’
• SUN Shou-ru1，MA Chang-sheng1，ZHANG Ju-ping2,*，HU Jian-bin1，and JIA Zhi-qi1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2095-2096. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0826
• Abstract ( 249 ) HTML ( 755 ) PDF (167KB) ( 755 ) 　　　

• ‘Xinshengdai 3’is a new middle-maturing triploid seedless watermelon by crossing tetraploid line‘TS-3’as female parent with diploid line‘Q-7-5’as male parent. The fruit is round with black skin. The flesh is red with small seed traces，fine texture，crisp and sweet flavor. The center soluble solids content is over 12.2%. It has mid-maturity. The whole growth period is about 100 days from sowing. It set fruit easily. The average fruit weight is about 7.0 kg，and the yield is 40–50 t · hm-2. The cultivar has good adaptability and it is suitable for long distance shipping.

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• A New Pumpkin Cultivar‘Longyuan Hongguan’
• WEN Ling*，ZHAO Dan，WANG Gang，ZHAO Song，and YOU Hai -bo
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2097-2098. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1071
• Abstract ( 272 ) HTML ( 707 ) PDF (142KB) ( 707 ) 　　　

• ‘Longyuan Hongguan’is a precocious red-skinned pumpkin variety，which was hybrid by two high isolated breeding inbred lines（‘2011-11-7’and‘2011-30-6’）from Japan and Russia. The fruit of‘Longyuan Hongguan’is thick and round，and the peel colour is bright red. The average weight of single fruit is about 2.0 kg. The pulp is saffron yellow，fragrant and sweet. It lasted about 78 d from seeding to harvest，and its yield is about 37 500 kg · hm-2. It has excellent capacities of fruit-setting and adaptability，and has powdery mildew and downy mildew resistance. It can be edible vegetable，processing，view and admire，and so on.

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• A New Calla Lily‘Jingcai Fenyun’
• XIONG Min，WEI Zun-zheng，WANG Xian，and ZHOU Di*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(10): 2099-2100. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0750
• Abstract ( 204 ) HTML ( 570 ) PDF (629KB) ( 570 ) 　　　

• Calla lily‘Jingcai Fenyun’is a new pot-cut hybrid of American pot cultivar‘Ziyu’and New Zealand pot-cut cultivar‘Pot of Gold’. This cultivar has pink spathe with modena gorge. The spathe reached 8.2 cm in length and 5.3 cm in width. The ovate blades are dark green in color yet without leaf spot. The tuber with perimeter between 14 cm to 16 cm usually developed three flowers. This cultivar shows excellent ornamental characteristics like earlier flowering，vigorous growth and relatively high stress tolerance，which is suitable for potted or cut flowering production at greenhouse in Beijing.

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