Fruit Trees

• Isolation and Analysis of PcAHS Gene and Its Promoter from Dwarfing Rootstock‘Zhongai 1’Pear
• TANG Chang-yong1，DUAN Xu-wei2，OU Chun-qing1，WANG Fei1，and JIANG Shu-ling1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 613-622. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1056
• Abstract ( 600 ) HTML ( 1997 ) PDF (850KB) ( 1997 ) 　　　
• ‘Zhongai 1’is a pear dwarfing rootstock selected from the open pollinated seedlings of ‘Jinxiang’. One gene with 1 239 bp was obtained from the new shoot phloem of‘Zhongai 1’and ‘Jinxiang’and it was designated as PcAHS. PcAHS had no difference in sequence between the two varieties and it encoded 412 amino acids which had a sequence identity from 67% to 99% with the AHS gene in Malus × domestica（np_001280772.1），Prunus mume（XP_008242099. 1），Populous trichocarpa （XP_002306421.2）and Fragaria vesca（xp_00428771.1）. The expression of PcAHS gene in new shootphloem of‘Zhongai 1’was lower than that in its female parent‘Jinxiang’during the shoot growing stage，so we speculated that there may be difference in their promoter sequences. The promoter sequences of PcAHS gene isolated from‘Zhongai 1’and‘Jinxiang’had 828 bp and 888 bp respectively and the sequence identity was 89.1%. Sequence analysis showed that there is a deletion fragment of 58 bp（–496 bp to –553 bp）from PcAHS gene promoter sequence in‘Zhongai 1’. According to PLACE and PLANTCARE online database analysis，PcAHS gene promoter sequence of‘Zhongai 1’contained a particular BPBF transcription factor binding element P-box which was absent in‘Jinxiang’. So we speculated that fragment deletion and the particular transcription factor binding element P-box may be the cause of low expression of the gene and then influence auxin transport，eventually lead to dwarf.
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• Carotenoid Metabolism and Gene Expression Analysis of‘CN9’Nectarine and Its Yellow Flesh Mutant‘CN9Y’
• ZHU Yun-qin1,2，ZENG Wen-fang1，LU Zhen-hua1，NIU Liang1，CUI Guo-chao1，and WANG Zhi-qiang1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 623-632. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1050
• Abstract ( 511 ) HTML ( 1218 ) PDF (401KB) ( 1218 ) 　　　
• Two nectarine cultivars，‘CN9’（white-fleshed）and its yellow-fleshed bud sport mutant ‘CN9Y’，were taken as materials to investigated carotenoids metabolism and genes expression. Qualitative and quantitative levels of carotenoids were analzed by HPLC，the expression levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes were detected by real time qPCR method. The results included that no distinct difference in flesh color appeared between‘CN9’and its mutant during early development stage，while at the ripening stage，differences in flesh color became dramatic. At early development stage，the total carotenoid levels were similar in‘CN9’and‘CN9Y’fruits，dominated by the presence of β-carotene，violaxanthin，and lutein. The total carotenoid content was much higher in‘CN9Y’than in‘CN9’at the ripening stage，exhibiting higher quantities of violaxanthin，β-carotene，and zeaxanthin. Real-time quantitative expression analysis showed that the CCD4 transcript levels were dramatically higher at late ripening stages in‘CN9’with respect to‘CN9Y’. These results indicated that the difference in theexpression level of CCD4 between‘CN9’and its yellow-fleshed mutant is likely to be the major determinant of carotenoid accumulation levels.
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• Effects of Shading Fruit with Opaque Paper Bag on Carotenogenesis and Related Gene Expression in Yellow-flesh Peach
• DONG Xin-tian*，CAO Hong-bo*，ZHANG Fei-yan，HAN Yan，JIA Hao，LI Dan，ZHANG Xue-ying，and CHEN Hai-jiang**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 633-642. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0985
• Abstract ( 408 ) HTML ( 1393 ) PDF (607KB) ( 1393 ) 　　　
• Effects of shading fruit with opaque paper bag on the accumulations of chlorophylls and carotenoids，as well as on the carotenogenesis related gene expression，were studied in two yellow-flesh peach（Prunus persica L. Batsch）cultivars：‘Babygold 6’and‘Babygold 8’. The results showed that contents of chlorophyll were declined gradually both in peel and flesh，and they were significantly lower in the bagged fruits compared with the non-bagged fruits in each sampling period；The contents of carotenoid were increased during the fruit development and ripening. Compared with the non-bagged flesh tissues，the bagged flesh tissues accumulated less carotenoids at the immature stage，but they accumulated a significantly higher level of carotenoid at the mature stage. HPLC analysis indicated that carotenoids in the immature flesh tissues were mainly composed of lutein and β-carotene，which represented a chloroplast-specific carotenoid biosynthesis pathway；Chromoplast-specific carotenoid biosynthesis pathway was preponderant in the mature flesh tissue，characterized by abundant accumulation of stable estered cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin. In addition，it was noted that there were more carotenoid eaters in the bagged fruits than in the non-bagged fruits. Furthermore，transcriptional analysis revealed that，consistently in the bagged fruit and non-bagged control，genes encoding enzymes for HDR （hydroxymethylbutenyl 4-diphosphate reductase），PSY1（phytoene synthase 1），PSY2（phytoene synthase 2），phytoene desaturase（PDS），and HYD（β-carotene hydroxylase）showed higher expressive levels in the mature flesh than in the immature flesh. It was noted that，compared to the non-bagged control，DXS（1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase），PSY2 and PDS genes showed the significantly down-regulated expression in the bagged mature fruit，HYD gene was expressed at a significantly higher level in the bagged mature fruit.
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• Molecular Cloning，Characterization and Expression of Flavonoid 3’ Hydroxylase-like Protein Gene from Ginkgo biloba
• LI Lin-ling1,3,*，CHENG Hua1,3,*，CHEN Xiao-ling1,3，and CHENG Shui-yuan1,2,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 643-654. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0822
• Abstract ( 472 ) HTML ( 1063 ) PDF (1805KB) ( 1063 ) 　　　
• The full-length cDNA sequences of F3’H gene（designated as GbF3’H）were isolated from Ginkgo biloba for the first time，GenBank No. KP056747. The full-length cDNA of GbF3’H is 2 144 bp long and contains a 1 671 bp open reading frame（ORF）encoding a 556 amino acid protein，with a predicted molecular weight of about 63.47 kD and an isoelectric point of 7.71. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that GbF3’H shared the same ancestor with other F3’H，but the divergence time is early. Bioinformatics analysis show that GbF3’H have a signal recognition peptide and belong to a microsomal cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases multigene families. The expression analysis by RT-PCR showed that GbF3’H had tissue specific manner in G. biloba，and the highest expression in stamens，thenext in mature leaves and gynoecium which were great difference with other flavones biosynthetic pathway gene. GbF3’H transcription level was also found to be significant up-regulated by 6-BA，SA，ABA，IAA，but wound treatment had no significant change. It’s also found that the GbF3’H promoter sequence contain the regulation cis-acting element assist with flavonoids biosynthesis. The result suggested that the expression model of GbF3’H gene has close relation with the formation of flavonoids and anthocyanin biosynthesis，which indicated that the F3’H regulate the flavonoids transfering to anthocyanin in G. biloba.
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• Flower Formation and Endogenous Hormones Dynamic in Chinese Jujube
• NIU Hui-ling1，ZHANG Hong-wu2，BIAN Yuan1，and LI Xin-gang1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 655-664. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1085
• Abstract ( 869 ) HTML ( 1493 ) PDF (984KB) ( 1493 ) 　　　
• In order to reveal the formation and regulation mechanism of jujube（Ziziphus jujuba Mill.）flower，we chose‘Qiyuexian’jujube to study its formation process and endogenous hormones changes. The flower forming process was observed by standard light microscope，scanning electron microscope and stereoscope. The endogenous hormones content was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（LC–MS/MS）. The results showed that the jujube flower formation contained flower-bud differentiation and floral development. The single bud differentiation taking 11 days was divided into six stages，vegetative stage，initial stage，sepal differentiation，petal differentiation，stamen differentiation and carpel differentiation. Floral development went through seven stages，bud period，bud split，sepal spread，petal spread，stamen spread，filament wilting and ovary inflated. IAA content dropped slowly after a quick decrease in fruit-bearing shoots（FBS），while it fell rapidly again after a sharp rise in flowers.ABA content had a significantly rise firstly and then decreased slowly at 5 cm of FBS，and it was similar to IAA in flowers. GA3 always remained at a low level，with the opposite tendency in FBS and flowers. Based on the results above，it is concluded that lower IAA，IAA/GA3 and higher ABA，GA3，ABA/GA3 and ABA/IAA were needed in flower bud incubation stage. In flower stage，it required high levels of IAA，ABA，ABA/GA3 and IAA/GA3，while relatively lower levels of GA3 and ABA/IAA. Our study reveals the formation and regulation mechanism of jujube flower which will provide guiding information for jujube flower management.
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• The Detection of Actinidia virus A and Actinidia virus B by RT-PCR and Their Molecular Variation Analysis
• ZHENG Ya-zhou1,2，WANG Guo-ping1,2，ZHOU Ju-fang1，ZHU Chen-xi1，WANG Li-ping1，XU Wen-xing1，and HONG Ni1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 665-671. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0913
• Abstract ( 420 ) HTML ( 1148 ) PDF (238KB) ( 1148 ) 　　　
• To understand the infectious status and molecular characteristics of Actinidia virus A（AcVA）and Actinidia virus B（AcVB）in kiwifruit（Actinidia sp.）grown in China，151 plants of kiwifruit were tested for the presence of the two viruses by Reverse transcription PCR（RT-PCR）. Results revealed that the average infection frequencies of AcVA and AcVB in kiwifruit samples were 15.2% and 17.9%，respectively. All six Actinidia species tested were positive to one or two viruses. Sequence analyzes of amplified fragments from ORF，ORF4 and ORF5 of AcVA genome showed that the virus isolates were molecularly divergent and the 269 bp fragments of ORF1 from different isolates shared nucleotide similarities of 77.3%–99.3%. In phylogenetic trees based on nucleotide sequences of three fragments，allAcVA isolates separated into two or three clades. The ORF5 fragment of 20 AcVB isolates amplified using primer set AcVB5F/5R had a size of 342 bp or 338 bp. All those isolates shared nucleotide similarities of 81%–100% with each other and 83.9%–99.7% with the corresponding sequence of the New Zealand isolate TP7-93B，and clustered into three clades in the phylogenetic tree constructed basing on nucleotide sequences of the fragment.
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Vegetables

• The Distribution Features of Polysaccharide and Lipid Drops in the Development of Tomato Anther
• ZHU Yun1 and TIAN Hui-qiao2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 672-678. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0886
• Abstract ( 604 ) HTML ( 902 ) PDF (360KB) ( 902 ) 　　　
• The transportation and transformation of nutrient material occurring in developing anthers is not clear. The distribution features of polysaccharide and lipid in developing anthers of tomato were analyzed using histochemical method. Some starches appeared in connected somatic tissue of anther during the sporogenous cell stage. Before the meiosis of microspore mother cell，a thick polysaccharide callose wall was formed accompanying starch reduction in connected tissue. After meiosis，polysaccharide material in anther did not change in tetrad stage. After microspores were released from tetrad，the starches again increased in the connected cells，and polysaccharide material appears in the partial intine of pollen. At the late microspore stage，the microspore formed a large vacuole and contained neither lipid drop nor the starch，and only pollen wall displayed red polysaccharide. The amount of starches in connected somatic cells decreased. The tapetal cells changed form and degenerated. After microspore division，quite amount of lipids first appeared in bicellular pollen and then many starches following pollen development. With anther maturity，many lipids and some starches accumulated in epidermal cells. It is a characteristic of nutrient metabolism of tomato pollen that pollen first accumulated lipids and then starches，as well as mature pollen accumulated many starches and lipids simultaneously. The characteristic of nutrient metabolism in tomato pollen also displays species-specific in plants.
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• Cloning and Expression Analysis of the Expansin Gene CsEXPb1 in Cucumber
• MENG Yong-jiao，LI Ji*，XU Jian，ZHANG Kai-jing，LOU Qun-feng，and CHEN Jin-feng*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 679-688. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0958
• Abstract ( 537 ) HTML ( 1240 ) PDF (919KB) ( 1240 ) 　　　
• Based on transcriptome study of cucumber fruit set，a β-expansin gene：CsEXPb1 was cloned and investigated in present study. Homolog BLAST showed that CsEXPb1 is belonged to Calmodulin-like Protein family，and has high similarities with the expansin genes of Cucumis melo，Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca and Solanum lycopersicum. The ExPasy analysis showed that CsEXPb1 is a hydrophilic protein；The subcellular localization analysis indicated that CsEXPb1 localized in plasma membrane，cytoplasm and nucleus；qRT-PCR analysis found that CsEXPb1 was up-regulate expressed during pollination and parthenocarpy fruit set in cucumber，while down-regulated during fruit abortion；qRT-PCR also showed that the transcription of CsEXPb1 could be cis-regulated by fruit-set inducing hormones i.e. auxin，cytokinin and gibberellin. Therefore，it was speculated that CsEXPb1 may be close related to hormone induced parthenocarpic fruit set of cucumber.
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• Effect of Different Pruning Methods on Flowering and Fruiting Characteristics Between Different Types of Male Sterile Lines in Broccoli Seed Plants
• SHU Jin-shuai，LIU Yu-mei*，LI Zhan-sheng，ZHANG Li-li，FANG Zhi-yuan，YANG Li-mei，ZHUANG Mu，ZHANG Yang-yong，and SUN Pei-tian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 689-696. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1107
• Abstract ( 451 ) HTML ( 861 ) PDF (254KB) ( 861 ) 　　　
• The effect of different pruning methods on flowering and fruiting characteristics with test materials of broccoli Dominant Genic Male Sterile lines of‘DGMS8554’and Cytoplasmic Male Sterile lines of‘CMS8554’seed plants were studied. Results showed that the time of appearing bouquet，flowering，podding and harvest of‘DGMS8554’line was 4–5 days，3–4 days and 3–6 days earlier than‘CMS8554’line，respectively. It took 7–9 days from pollination to podding，about 45–47 days from podding to browning and 9–11 days from browning to harvest. The optimal treatments of‘DGMS8554’and‘CMS8554’were at 3 lateral balls and 4 lateral balls of the main bouquet，respectively. After cutting the main bouquet，plant‘DGMS8554’can flower and fruit，while‘CMS8554’can not. Flowering and harvesting time of‘DGMS8554’was 10–14 days and 10–13 days later than rest of the main bouquet. when cutting the main bouquet after appearing ball 7 days later，the grains yield per plant and germination rate were maximum，8.11 g and 97.32%，respectively. This method was the optimal treatment.
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• Systemic Resistance Induced by Fluoro-substituted Benzothiadiazole Derivatives Against Plasmodiophora brassicae in Chinese Cabbage
• HAN Zhi-qi，XIE Xue-wen，JIN Zhi-wen，SONG Jia-wei，CHAI A-li，SHI Yan-xia*，and LI Bao-ju*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 697-705. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1148
• Abstract ( 511 ) HTML ( 1017 ) PDF (418KB) ( 1017 ) 　　　
• In this study，a novel inducer similar to Benzothiadiazole（BTH）structurally，namely Fluoro-substituted benzothiadiazole derivatives（FBT）was investigated to determine the mechanisms of resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae in Chinese cabbage. The leaves were pretreated by foliar spraying with FBT at different concentrations，disease severity was suppressed most at 25 mg ? L-1. We stained the roots with trypan blue，found that the root colonization by Plasmodiophora brassicae were significantly controlled after the leaves were treated with FBT. Analysis of defense-related genes by Real-time PCR showed that FBT excites the expression of SA-responsive PR-1 gene and JA-responsive COI1，LOX2 genes obviously，indicating that the JA-signaling pathway is essential for FBT-induced resistance in Chinese cabbage，including partial SA-signaling.
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Ornamental Plants

• Studies on Performance and Mechanism of Negative Phototropism of Chlorophytum comosum Roots and Its Regulation
• CHEN Juan1,2，KONG Yu3，WANG Zhong2,*，CHENG Shui-yuan1，and CHEN Peng2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 706-712. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0909
• Abstract ( 503 ) HTML ( 1445 ) PDF (433KB) ( 1445 ) 　　　
• The aerial roots of Chlorophytum comosum were planted in water to grow hydroponic roots to study the negative phototropism performance and mechanism and its regulation.（1）All the adventitious roots and their branch roots bent away from light，the maximum curvature maybe 88.5°.（2）Photo perception site was root cap. The curvature was increasing when light intensity ranged from 0 to 110 μmol ? m-2 ? s-1. Blue-violet light induced the negative phototropism prominently while red light had no effect.（3）The negative phototropism curvature could be promoted by exogenous CaCl2，but inhibited by exogenous LaCl3，meanwhile，exogenous CaCl2 could relieve the inhibiting effect of LaCl3.（4）Unilateral light induced horizontal transport of IAA from the irradiated side to the shaded side which resulting in the unequal distribution of IAA in the both sides that led to the formation of negative phototropism. The horizontal transporting of IAA was promoted exogenous Ca2+ but inhibited by exogenous La3+.
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• The Physiological Mechanism of Petunia hybrida Harboring Mammalian cyp2e1 Gene Improving Resistance to Formaldehyde
• WANG Man，XIANG Tai-he*，SONG Ya-ling，HUANG Ying-ying，HAN Yi-xuan，and SUN Yang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 713-720. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0872
• Abstract ( 394 ) HTML ( 989 ) PDF (297KB) ( 989 ) 　　　
• The cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 enzyme mainly exists in mammalian liver cells. It plays an important role in metabolism of heterologous organics. Precious research has shown that cyp2e1 transgenic Petunia hybrida significantly improved the resistance to formaldehyde. In the paper，the various physiological characteristics of cyp2e1 transgene，gus transgene and wild-type（non-transgenic）P. hybrida were analyzed under formaldehyde stress. The results show that malondialdehyde（MDA）content of cyp2e1 transgenic P. hybrida was lower than those of gus transgene and wild-type P. hybrida under formaldehyde stress，while both of superoxide dismutase（SOD）and peroxidase（POD）enzyme activity were higher，alcohol dehydrogenase（ADH）activity slightly enhanced and more glutathione was metabolized. In addition，levels of IAA，ZRs and ABA in cyp2e1 transgenic P. hybrida decreased under formaldehyde stress，but level of GA increased. However，levels of IAA，ZRs and ABA in gus transgene and wild type P. hybrida were increased but level of GA was declined. When the cyp2e1 transgenicP. hybrida was incubated in liquid medium plus 50 mg ? L-1 formaldehyde for 72 h，the formaldehyde content in medium was decrease to zero，while those with gus transgene and wild-type P. hybrida were still nearly half of formaldehyde content.
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• An Efficient System of Embryogenic Cell Suspension Cultures and Plant Regeneration in Spathiphyllum cannifolium
• YU Bo，LIU Jin-mei，LIU Xiao-rong，LIU Xiao-fei，and LIAO Fei-xiong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 721-730. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0693
• Abstract ( 419 ) HTML ( 1209 ) PDF (1068KB) ( 1209 ) 　　　
• This study established embryogenic cell suspension cultures of Spathiphyllum cannifolium through embryogenic calli induced from the petioles of plantlets in vitro，and further achieved high frequency of plant regeneration using the obtained suspension cultures. The results suggested that the optimal conditions of embryogenic cell suspension culture included：Inoculum amount was 0.3 g of embryogenic cell aggregates loaded with 20 mL fluid nutrient medium；Suspension culture medium was MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg ? L-1 N-phenyl-N’-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea（TDZ），1.0 mg ? L-1 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid（2,4-D），and 30 g ? L-1 sucrose or maltose（pH 5.8）；Subculture interval was 14 days. Under these circumstances，the proliferation rate of embryogenic cell aggregates was 5-fold per subculture cycle. For plant regeneration，moreover，25.1 plantlets in average developed（or generated）from each embryogenic cell aggregate on the optimal differential medium of 1/2MS + 0.3 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 30 g ? L-1 sucrose + 8.0 g ? L-1agar（pH 5.8）. The status of rapid proliferation of embryogenic cells andefficient regeneration of plantlets could maintain 24 weeks.
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• The Analysis of Differential Expression Genes for Rose Early Responding to Black-spot Disease
• LIU Rui-feng1,2，LIU Qiang1，ZHANG Fei-ya1，YUAN Xiao-na1，and JIA Gui-xia1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 731-740. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0894
• Abstract ( 492 ) HTML ( 975 ) PDF (355KB) ( 975 ) 　　　
• Black-spot disease is the most serious disease for roses. In order to isolate the genes related with the rose resistance and further to explore the interaction molecule mechanism between rose and Diplocarpon rosae Wolf.‘Pink Peace’as the high resistance variety in the preliminary screening was selected as the material，the cDNA of its inoculated leaves in 24 h，48 h and 72 h were mixed equivalently，and the mixture was regarded as the tester，the cDNA mixture of non-inoculated leaves corresponding hours were used as the driver. Based on these，the subtracted cDNA library were builted. A total of 200 positive clones were picked and? sequenced，and 37 non-redundant sequences were obtained. Among them，32 ESTs showed similarity to known sequences in GenBank. Then，all 37 EST sequences were imported to the database of transcriptome sequencing built with the samples of the same two mixtures，and their RPKM ratios of the inoculated samples to non-inoculated ones were regarded as the gene relative expression. The results showed that the genes including ion transport，reactive oxygen removal，photorespiration and phenylpropanoid pathway and so on were up-regulated in the inoculated samples，and the genes involved in photorespiration，reactive oxygen removal and phenylpropanoid pathway were more，which suggested that multiple genes involved in the rose defending system. Among of them，reactive oxygen removal，photorespiration and phenylpropanoid pathway are playing important roles in rose’s resistance to black spot pathogen.
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Other Horticulture Plants

• Effects of Salicylic Acid and Nitric Oxide on the Growth and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Curcuma longa
• LIU Jian-fu1,2,*，WANG Ming-yuan1，TANG Yuan-jiang1，YANG Chen1，ZHONG Shu-chun1，CHEN Qin1，and FAN Yan-ping2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 741-750. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1044
• Abstract ( 628 ) HTML ( 1536 ) PDF (299KB) ( 1536 ) 　　　
• The effects of nitric oxide（NO）and salicylic acid（SA）on the growth and physiological characteristics，key enzymatic activity of secondary metabolic pathways，the content of organic acid and curcuminoids of in vitro Curcuma longa plantlets were studied. And the medium was supplemented with sodium nitroprusside（SNP）（0，50，100，200，400 and 800 μmol ? L-1） as a donor of NO and salicylic acid（0，5，10，20，40 and 80 μmol ? L-1）. The results showed that NO and SA can adjust the growth and physiological characteristics and promoted the accumulation of secondary metabolites of Curcuma longa in some degree. It raised significantly the contents of chlorophyll，carotenoid，soluble sugar and protein in leaves of Curcuma longa，and activated the activities of phenylalanin ammonia-lyase（PAL），cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase（C4H）and 4-coumaric acid：CoA ligase（4CL），promoted the accumulation ofcinnamic acid，p-coumaric acid，coffee acid and ferulic acid，and then improved the content of curcumin and demethoxycurcumin，bisdemethoxycurcumin with 200 μmol ? L-1SNP and 10 μmol ? L-1 SA. Therefore，200 μmol ? L-1SNP and 10 μmol ? L-1 SA were conducive to the growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites in Curcuma longa. It suggested that NO and SA have dual nature on secondary metabolites physiological Abstract. characteristics of Curcuma longa.
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Research Notes

• The Comparison of the Mineral Elements，Endogenous Hormones in Different Shapes and Positions of‘Korla Xiangli’Pears
• JIA Xiao-hui1，WANG Wen-hui1,*，LI Shi-qiang2，DU Yan-min1，ZHANG Feng2，TONG Wei1，and WANG Zhi-hua1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 751-758. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0567
• Abstract ( 511 ) HTML ( 1114 ) PDF (291KB) ( 1114 ) 　　　
• In order to find out the differences of physiological characteristics among the shapes and positions of pear fruits，‘Korla Xiangli’pears were used as materials to investigate the differences of mineral elements，endogenous hormones and qualities in 3 shapes including calyx abscission and no-hump，calyx persistent and no-hump and calyx persistent and hump as well as 3 positions including stalk-end，equator and calyx-end in fruit with the identical shape. The results indicated that contents of N，Ca，Mg and B in pericarp were higher than those in flesh，N/Ca and K/Ca were lower than those in flesh. Contents of N，K and P as well as N/Ca in fruit of calyx persistent and hump were significantly higher than those in fruit of calyx abscission and no-hump and calyx persistent and no-hump in fruit with the identical shape，the content of Ca at calyx-end was significantly lower than that at stalk-end and equator while thecontent of N and N/Ca at calyx-end were significantly higher than those at stalk-end and equator. Moreover，contents of IAA，ZR and ABA in pericarp were higher than those in flesh. In fruit of calyx persistent and hump，the IAA content and（ZR + IAA + GA3）/ABA were significantly higher than those in fruit of calyx abscission and no-hump and calyx persistent and no-hump，while the content of ABA was significantly lower than that in fruit of calyx abscission and no-hump；Obvious distribution change pattern of the endogenous hormones at different positions of fruit was not observed. The comprehensive quality of fruit of calyx abscission and no-hump is prior to the fruit of calyx persistent according to the comparison of quality indicators. In fruit with the identical shape，SSC and vitamin C at calyx-end were significantly higher than those at stalk-end and equator.
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• Malus sieversii Leaf Traits Variation and Correlation Analysis with SSR Markers
• ZUO Li-hui，ZHANG Wen-lin，QIU Tong，ZHANG Jun，and YANG Min-sheng*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 759-768. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1030
• Abstract ( 418 ) HTML ( 914 ) PDF (291KB) ( 914 ) 　　　
• Investigated leaf shape characters and SSR molecular marker analysis of the 18 Xinjiang wild apple[Malus sieversii（Ledeb.）Roem.] clones which were selected from 600 clones of Tianshan area to explore the correlation between leaf traits and SSR markers. Results indicate that all the 15 leaf traits were extremely significant differences between the clones. The maximum average coefficient of variation is shape of leaf tip（α），with the value of 25.39% while the shape index of leaf L1/L3 was the minimum with the variation value of 10.31%. Repeatability of the leaf length having the maximum value of 0.967 while the shape index of leaf L1/L3 was the minimum with the repeatability value of 0.495. With 15 blade shape traits clustering，all clones cluster into three groups and each clone can be completely separate withgenetic distance variation changing between 1.293 to 7.235. The genomic polymorphism of clones were analyzed using 30 pairs of SSR primers. The clustering analysis of 30 SSR markers with uniform distribution in 17 chromosome chain groups showed all clones cluster into four groups and each clone can be completely separate with genetic distance variation changing from 0.089 to 0.689 and the average was 0.433. The correlation coefficient of the clustering analysis of leaf traits and SSR was only 0.105. Correlation analysis of single leaf shape traits and the filtered portion of SSR markers clustering results showed that most of the assembly achieve significant correlation and most of the loci were closely related.
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• Evaluation of Golden Delicious/Chistock 1 on Resistance to Low Iron Stress
• YU Jun，WANG Yi，WU Ting，ZHANG Xin-zhong，and HAN Zhen-hai
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 769-777. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0077
• Abstract ( 609 ) HTML ( 947 ) PDF (525KB) ( 947 ) 　　　
• In order to evaluate the capacity of Chistock 1 on resistance to low iron stress，this experiment was conducted on the phenotypic，physiological and biochemical characteristics of 2-year-old Golden Delicious/Chistock 1（GD/Cs）under different iron conditions of 0，4，10，20，30 or 40 μmol ? L-1 Fe-EDTA. Compared to Golden Delicious/Malus baccata（GD/Mb），GD/Cs at 30 μmol ? L-1 Fe showed no chlorosis in the whole growth period，and had no significant differences at Fe levels between the normal concentration（40 μmol ? L-1）and low Fe stress（30 μmol ? L-1）on shoot growth，leaf area，young leaf chlorophyll，photosynthetic rate，or active iron content. Furthermore，at 0 to 20 μmol ? L-1 Fe，GD/Cs showed much slighter chlorosis than GD/Mb. However，GD/Mb showed severe chlorosis after 15 days at 30 μmol ? L-1 Fe，and reduced leaf area with shoot tip dieback from 0 to 20 μmol ? L-1 Fe in autumn growth stage. Thus，the experiment lead a preliminary conclusion that Golden Delicious can grow normally under long-term low iron stress on rootstock of Chistock 1.
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• Effects of Moisture Conditions on the Physiological Indexes of Young-fruit Stage Loquat in North Marginal Area
• ZHANG Ren-fan，FAN Mei-li，WEI Ling-yun，and LU Zhou-min
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 778-784. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1031
• Abstract ( 403 ) HTML ( 1154 ) PDF (260KB) ( 1154 ) 　　　
• 14-year-old loquat cultivar（Changqi Zaosheng）that grew in Ankang of Shaanxi Province were used as experiment materials to study the physiological changes at young fruit stage under different moisture conditions in North-cultivated-marginal area. Irrigating each tree with different amount（0，10，20，30，40 kg）started from the end of August，2013（budding stage），and once per month. The sample of leaves and young fruits was gathered in the end of January，2014 to measure physiological indicators. The result showed that the content of chlorophyll and soluble protein content decreased after the first rise，PAL activity and content of MDA and SS decreased，Pro content and SOD activity increased after the first fall with increasing irrigation amount；There was no significant change on relative conductivity. Research suggested that 30 kg maintained soil moisture at about 22.2% is ideal for loquat growth in North- cultivated-marginal area.
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• Effects of Boron Deficiency on the Uptake of Mineral Elements and pH Value of Leaves in Cherry Radish
• CONG Xin-li1，HUANG Mian-jia1,*，JIANG Xing-yu2,*，LI Xin-guo1，ZHOU Kai-bing1，and ZHONG Man-xi1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 785-790. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0998
• Abstract ( 461 ) HTML ( 1279 ) PDF (289KB) ( 1279 ) 　　　
• To investigate the effect of boron（B）deficiency on the uptake of some nutrient elements. In this paper，cherry radishes（Raphanus sativus L. var. radiculus Pers）was grown in water containing 0 or 46.3 μmol ? L-1 boric acid to study the contents of boron and other main mineral elements in the fleshy root，young and old leaves，using HPLC method. The leaves were cut and stained by toluidine blue-O（TBO）and the anatomic structures were observed under light microscopes. We found that total boron，soluble boron，and cell wall binding boron decreased dramatically in all parts of the cherry radish grown in boron-lack condition，while the contents of Fe，Mn，Zn，Cu increased significantly. Boron deficiency also decreased the pH values and basophilic granules in leaves. These suggest that irregular cell walls as a result of B deficiency severely affect the structure and components of leaves，and the decreased pH of leaves can induce the absorption of other mineral elements.
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• Analysis and Characterization of Interaction Domain Between ARC1 and Exo70A1 from Ornamental Kale（Brassica oleracea var. acephala）
• CAO Ming-ming，YANG Jia，LI Xiao-yu，LI Yu-hua，and LAN Xing-guo
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 791-798. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0975
• Abstract ( 478 ) HTML ( 1117 ) PDF (374KB) ( 1117 ) 　　　
• The yeast-two hybrid system was used to detect the interaction between ARC1 and Exo70A1 from ornamental kale（Brassica oleracea var. acephala）. The nucleotide sequences of full-length BoARC1，N terminal of BoARC1（1–279 aa，UND domain），C terminal of BoARC1（280–663 aa，U-box domain and Arm repeat domain）were constructed into the vector pGBKT7，respectively. Thus，the plasmids BD-ARC1，BD-ARC1-N or BD-ARC1-C were obtained and confirmed. On the other hand，the nucleotide sequences of full-length BoExo70A1，BoExo70A1-Δ1（1–85 aa），Exo70A1-Δ2（1–270 aa），Exo70A1-Δ3（271–638 aa，Exo70 domain）were constructed into the vector pGADT7，respectively. And the plasmids AD-Exo70A1，AD-Exo70A1-Δ1，AD-Exo70A1-Δ2 or AD-Exo70A1-Δ3 were also obtained and confirmed. These plasmids were used to co-transform yeast strain Y187，which were then plated onto SD/-Leu-Trp（synthetic dropout glucose agar plates lacking leucine and tryptophan）. The β-galactosidaseassays showed that yeast cells co-transformed with the BoARC1-N/AD-Exo70A1-Δ1 plasmids or BoARC1-N/BD-Exo70A1-Δ2 plasmids turned blue. These results indicated that N terminal of BoARC1 and BoExo70A1 mediated interaction between BoARC1 and BoExo70A1.
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New Cultivars

• A New Strawberry Cultivar‘Yanli’
• LI He，DAI Hong-yan，LIU Yue-xue，MA Yue，WU Di，and ZHANG Zhi-hong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 799-800. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0485
• Abstract ( 1048 ) HTML ( 1040 ) PDF (160KB) ( 1040 ) 　　　
• ‘Yanli’is a new strawberry cultivar which is derived from the cross between‘08-A-01’as the female parent and‘Tochiotome’as the male parent. The fruit is cone-shaped and uniform，with the average weight of 43 g for its primary fruits. Its surface is bright red with strong glossiness. The fruit has excellent flavor and aroma，and contains 9.5% soluble solids，7.9% total sugar，0.4% titratable acid，and 0.63 mg ? g-1 vitamin C. The fruit firmness is 2.73 kg ? cm-2，so the fruits are suitable for storage and transportation. The plant is strong and resistant to diseases.‘Yanli’is suitable for forcing cultivation and semi-forcing cultivation in solar greenhouse.
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• A New Carambola Cultivar‘Daguo Tianyangtao 4’
• REN Hui1，WANG Xiao-mei1，LIU Ye-qiang1,*，SU Wei-qiang1，MO Kai-lin2，CHEN Xiang-ling1，and LU Yu-ying1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 801-802. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0484
• Abstract ( 502 ) HTML ( 879 ) PDF (139KB) ( 879 ) 　　　
• ‘Daguo Tianyangtao 4’was selected from the seedlings of carambola cultivar‘Daguo Tianyangtao 1’. The fruit is long fusiform with thin folding and the top of fruit concaves obviously. The fruit has yellow background color and yellow white flesh color. Its average fruit weight is 207 g. The soluble solids content is 9.75%. It has high-yielding. Its flesh is delicate and crisp，less fiber. It has a very good quality.
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• A New Tamarind Cultivar‘Hongqiu’
• WANG Bing-yi，YANG Guang-ying，LI Ti-chu，and YANG Shi-yu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 803-804. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0413
• Abstract ( 602 ) HTML ( 870 ) PDF (171KB) ( 870 ) 　　　
• ‘Hongqiu’tamarind was bred by system selection from the seedling which introduced from Thailand. Its fruits is cylindrical with little bend or without bend，and the average length of the pod is 9.1 cm，and the average weight is 12.1 g. Its seed is bronzing，small and with irregular shaped. The flesh is thick and it has high sugar content. The flesh ratio is 49.1%，and the sugar-acid ratio of flesh is 23. Pod yield of is about 5 000 kg ? hm-2.
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• A New Malus Crabapple Cultivar‘Phoenix’
• Lü De-guo*，DU Guo-dong，QIN Si-jun，MA Huai-yu，and LIU Guo-cheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 805-806. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0454
• Abstract ( 625 ) HTML ( 769 ) PDF (537KB) ( 769 ) 　　　
• ‘Phoenix’is a new Malus crabapple cultivar bred from the seedling of‘Radiant’，with strong tree vigor and upright tree posture. It has strong branching ability. The mature leaf is dark green. The flower is pink with overlapping oval petals. The fruit is round in shape and orange-red in color. Ever bearing ability of‘Phoenix’is strong which fruits do not drop in the winter.
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• A New Golden-circle Form Herbaceous Peony Cultivar‘Jinke Zhuang- yuan’
• ZHAO Da-qiu1，LI Cheng-zhong1,2，and TAO Jun1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 807-808. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0592
• Abstract ( 763 ) HTML ( 759 ) PDF (174KB) ( 759 ) 　　　
• ‘Jinke Zhuangyuan’is a new herbaceous peony cultivar selected from the seedling of ‘Zipao Jindai’. It is characterized by compact plant type，high disease resistance，high temperature and humidity tolerance，approximately 15 cm diameter of its flower. Its guard petals and center petals are purplish red and divided from top to bottom by a ring of yellow stamens，which is representative of the golden-circle form in China. It is suitable for cultivation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
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• A New Salvia splendens Cultivar‘Menghuan’
• CHEN Hong-wei1,*，WANG Mei2,*，YAO Ai-min1，WANG Hong-li2，SHI Ai-ping2，SUN Xi1，and LIU Ke-feng1,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 809-810. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-1155
• Abstract ( 562 ) HTML ( 742 ) PDF (177KB) ( 742 ) 　　　
• ‘Menghuan’is a new cultivar bred from the Salvia splendens which was grown in a farmhouse of Chaoyang City，Liaoning Province. The calyx color of‘Menghuan’is white and the corolla is lavender. Its inflorescence length is 23–47 cm. the number of flower wheels is 11–21，and 5–6 flowers each round. There are 161–227 inflorescences on the whole plant. The florescence is from June to October and full-bloom stage is from August to September. It wouldn’t show mosaic and disease.
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• A New Wolfberry Cultivar for Leaf Utilization‘Ningqi 9’
• NAN Xiong-xiong1,3，WANG Jin-xiu1,3,*，LIU Si-yang1,3，WANG Ya-li1,3，WANG Li-ying2，HUANG Zhan-ming2，ZHAO Jian2，and LI Jian2,3
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(4): 811-812. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0392
• Abstract ( 1636 ) HTML ( 988 ) PDF (176KB) ( 988 ) 　　　
• ‘Ningqi 9’is a new triploid cultivar of wolfberry，which is from polyploid breeding，hybridization and other selection means. It expressed stable performance on fast and strong growth of plant，flavor and nutritious leaf bud，and with strong cold and drought resistance. Therefore，it is suitable for production of high-end wolfberry bud-tea or wolfberry vegetable. The yield of plant is more than 22.5 t ? hm-2 in the third year.
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