Fruit Trees

• Effects of Summer Shoot Growth on Sugar Metabolism and Abscission of Fruitlet in‘Shatangju’Mandarin
• HUANG Yong-jing1,2，MA Pei-qia1，WU Wen1，CHEN Jie-zhong2,*，LI Juan3，TANG Xiao-lang1，and LIU Xiang-yu2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1869-1876.
• Abstract ( 751 ) HTML ( 1284 ) PDF (306KB) ( 1284 ) 　　　
• The effects of summer shoot growth on sugar metabolism and abscission of fruitlet in ‘Shatangju’mandarin（Citrus reticulata Blanco）were investigated. The results showed that，summer shoot obviously increased fruitlet abscission and suppressed fruitlet growth. During 18 days of summer shoot growth，the relative abscission rate（RAR）tended to increase and subsequently decrease，with the peak of 7.63% · d^-1 at the 9th day. At the 18th day，the accumulative abscission rate（AAR）in shoot-retained treatment was 94.05%，which was 1.58 times higher than that in shoot-removed treatment. Moreover，summer shoot growth decreased the contents of sucrose and reducing sugar in fruitlet at 6th day，but no significant difference was observed for those between shoot-retained and shoot-removed treatments at 18thday. Furthermore，it was found that summer shoot increased the activities of acid invertase（AI）and neutral invertase（NI），and inhibited those of the amylase and sucrose phosphate synthase（SPS）in fruitlet. However，sucrose synthase（SS）activity was not influenced by summer shoot. Overall，these findings suggest that the accelerated decomposition of sucrose by the increased activities of sucrose degradation enzymes during summer shoot growth contributed to fruitlet abscission in‘Shatangju’mandarin.
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• Effects of Mn Stress on Mn Uptakes and Antioxidant System of Young Apple Trees of Different Rootstocks
• LIU Xiu-chun*，CHEN Li-nan，WANG Bing-hua，and ZHAO Xin-bing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1877-1886.
• Abstract ( 492 ) HTML ( 1117 ) PDF (355KB) ( 1117 ) 　　　
• To make clear the physiological responses of apple trees grafted on three rootstocks under high level of manganese stress. The physiological responses and manganese accumulation of three rootstocks on 400 mg · kg^-1 manganese stress were studied. The results showed that toxic symptom happened in new leaves of all apple trees grafted on three rootstocks，which was the most serious in Malus baccata（Linn.）Borkh.，followed by Liaozhen 2 inter stock，the most lightly in Malus prunifolia（Willd.）Borkh. Under 400 mg · kg^-1 Mn stress，the growth of apple trees on Malus baccata（Linn.）Borkh. and Liaozhen 2 inter stock were restrained significantly，but the growth of apple trees and Mn accumulation in underground parts on Malus prunifolia（Willd.）Borkh. were promoted，the contents of ROS and MDA were declined sharply，the SOD activity and AsA content increased slightly in apple leaves on Malus baccata（Linn.）Borkh. and Liaozhen 2 inter stock. There were no significant difference of ROS content and a little rise of MDA content because of the much larger increases of antioxidant enzymes of SOD，POD，CAT and antioxidants such as AsA under the high level of Mn stress. The rootstocks of Malus prunifolia（Willd.）Borkh. had higher endurance to manganese toxcity，and Malus baccata（Linn.）Borkh. and Liaozhen 2 inter stock were relatively lower.
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• Effects of Bagging Treatment on Sugar Metabolism and Related Gene Expression in‘Chili’Pear Fruits
• YANG Shao-lan，WANG Mei*，ZHANG Xiao-fei，WANG Cheng-rong，and WANG Ran**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1887-1896.
• Abstract ( 618 ) HTML ( 1518 ) PDF (437KB) ( 1518 ) 　　　
• Effects of different bagging treatments on the soluble sugar contents and sucrose metabolism of ‘Chili’（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.）fruit during growth and development were studied. The results showed that the contents of fructose，glucose，sucrose and total soluble sugar in the fruits increased with the fruit growth and development. Bagging，especially with yellow waxed paper bags，reduced the soluble sugar increases. Invertase（Ivr）activity decreased with fruit development，and bagging affected the acid invertase（AI）activity. AI activities in fruits of bagging treatments were lower than that in control in 75，90 and 150 d after flowering. The neutral invertase（NI）activity showed no significant difference between bagging treatments and control. Sucrose phosphate synthase（SPS）activity increased with the fruit development and affected markedly by bagging. Among 4 tested bags，the yellow waxed paper bags affected SPS activity of fruits more than the white waxed paper and non-woven fabric bags did，and there were not significant different between fruits in plastic film bags and non-bagging control in most of the tested points. Sucrose synthase（SUS）in synthesis activity（SSs）of fruits increased gradually and sucrose synthase in cleavage activity（SSc）decreased as fruit growth. Bagging did not showed significant effect on the SSs activity in most tested points，but depressed the SSc activity in fruit development late stage. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis of sucrose metabolism related enzyme genes AIV1，AIV2，SPS1 and SUS1 expression showed that bagging reduced the relative expression of AIV2，and non-woven bags had more effects than plastic film bags. Bagging delayed the maximum accumulation time of SPS1，and the SPS1 relative expression were significantly lower in fruits with plastic film bags than in non-bagging control in the fruit growth early stage. Bagging altered the time course of SUS1 expression，the relative expression amount of SUS1 in fruits with plastic film bags did not reveal obvious peak，and in fruit with yellow waxed paper bags appeared a maximum accumulation 15 d earlier than control and became lower after.
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• Studies on Compatibility of Interspecific Hybridization Between Actinidia diliciosa‘Xuxiang’and A. longicarpa by Anatomy
• QI Xiu-juan，XU Shan-kun，ZHANG Wei-yuan，LIN Miao-miao，and FANG Jin-bao*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1897-1904.
• Abstract ( 638 ) HTML ( 1736 ) PDF (1375KB) ( 1736 ) 　　　
• Following interspecific hybridization between Actinidia chinensis var. diliciosa‘Xuxiang’and A. longicarpa，pollen tube behaviour among different crossing combinations was determined using fluorescence microscope，difference in fertilization process and embryo development were observed by conventional paraffin sectioning，and fruit-setting rate and hybrid seed quantity were investigated as well. The results showed that the pollen grains of A. longicarpa which is used by interspecific hybridization germinated and grew on the papillate stigma of‘Xuxiang’，but the pollen tubes grew slower than those of the control，wave-like pollen tubes，growth stop and random deposition of callose along pollen tube wall were observed. Fertilization process delayed，embryo grew abnormally and the fruit-setting rate of interspecific hybridization was lower. The seed number in fruit was less than that of introspecific hybridization or open pollination，but there was no obvious difference in the quality of regular seed among crossing combinations.
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Vegetables

• Mapping of QTLs Conferring the Resistance to CMV in Wild Tomato Species Solanum lycopersicoides LA2951
• ZHOU Long-xi，LIU Lei，SUN Yu-yan，YANG Yu-hong，XIE Bing-yan，FENG Lan-xiang，SONG Yan，ZHENG Zheng，and LI Jun-ming*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1905-1915.
• Abstract ( 721 ) HTML ( 1126 ) PDF (511KB) ( 1126 ) 　　　
• Solanum lycopersicoides showed high resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus（CMV）. An introgression line（IL） population derived from a nightshade related species S. lycopersicoides LA2951 was used to identify the involved loci for resistance to CMV by rub-inoculation in four independent experiments. In total，8 QTLs for resistance to CMV located on chromosome 2，7，8，9，10，11 and 12 were found respectively. Percentage of disease index（PDI）was significantly decreased in these ILs. All QTLs were new loci when compared those identified previously from S. habrochaites LA1777 and S. chilense LA0458. The genetic analysis of these QTLs showed incompletely dominant. The interaction of these QTLs presented complete additive effect. The results provide a prospect for breeding of CMV resistance in tomato.
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• Establishment and Validation of SNP Genotyping System by CAPS Combining Melting Curve in Brassica campestris
• LI Ping-xia1,2，HUANG Ying-jin1，LIU Bo2，LIANG Jian-li2，CHENG Feng2，WU Jian2，and WANG Xiao-wu2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1916-1927.
• Abstract ( 538 ) HTML ( 1145 ) PDF (460KB) ( 1145 ) 　　　
• Melting temperature（T_m）was different according to the different lengths or nucleotide sequences of DNA fragments. In this report，we established a novel single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP）genotyping system refered as CAPS-MC approach. The CAPS-MC approach combined cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence（CAPS）with melting curve（MC）analysis. By aligning whole genome re-sequencing data from two Brassica campestris accessions，‘L58’and‘ZCT095’，to the reference genome sequence of‘Chiifu-401-42’，a total of 719 HindⅢ endonuclease recognition nucleotide sequence SNP polymorphisms were converted to CAPS-MC markers. We established and optimized CAPS-MC system by randomly selecting 10 pairs of these markers. Our results clearly demonstrated that CAPS-MC approach was sensitive，accurate，rapid and inexpensive. Because the melting curve of 96 samples can be measured in 22 mins once，it is well suited for high-throughput genotyping.
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• Analysis of Nuclear Genome Codon Preference in Cabbage
• YI Deng-xia1,3，YANG Li-mei1,*，FANG Zhi-yuan1，LIU Yu-mei1，ZHUANG Mu1，ZHANG Yang-yong1，LIU Ji-sheng1，LIU Bo1，WU Jian1，GENG Li-li2，ZHANG Jie2，and ZHANG Zhen-xian3,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1927-1934.
• Abstract ( 609 ) HTML ( 1131 ) PDF (169KB) ( 1131 ) 　　　
• Forty-eight thousand coding DNA sequences of cabbage were used to analyze the relative frequency of synonymous codon（RFSC）. Six high-frequency codons including TCT，CCT，AGA，GTT，GCT，and GAT were revealed by CodonW. When the frequency of codon usage of cabbage was compared to Escherichia coli，Arabidopsis thaliana，and Oryza sativa，we found that the codon preference was considerably different between cabbage and Escherichia coli，Oryza sativa，while the codon preference was identical between cabbage and Arabidopsis thaliana，Gossypium hirsutum. The codons of Bt cry1C gene sequence have been reconstructed according to the results. The foreigngene containing the optimal codons of cabbage is helpful to researches involving cabbage transformation.
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Ornamental Plants

• Cloning and Expression Analysis on AP1 Homologous Gene from Cymbidium ensifolium and Interaction Analysis Between AP1 and MADS-box Transcription Factors
• WU Jing-hua，WU Shao-hua*，YANG Chao，and ZHANG Zhi-zhong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1935-1942.
• Abstract ( 753 ) HTML ( 1399 ) PDF (668KB) ( 1399 ) 　　　
• To investigate the function of AP1 genes on flower development in Cymbidium ensifolium，AP1 was cloned from‘Sijidaqing’flower buds and the full length of AP1 cDNA was amplified by RACE method，named CeAP1. CeAP1 is 866 bp in length with a 726 nucleotides ORF that putatively encodes a protein with 241 amino acids. Homology analysis showed that the CeAP1 was highly homologous to the AP1MADS-box genes of orchids. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that CeAP1 was expressed in the initial period of floral development and vegetative organs. The yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that the CeAP1was not only able to form homodimer but also formed heterodimers with the other MADS-box transcription factors except for CeAG1.
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• Histological Reproductive Barriers for Intergeneric Cross Between Sinocalycanthus chinensis and Calycanthus floridus var. oblongifolius
• WANG Wen-peng1,2，ZHOU Li-hua1，LIU Hua-hong1，BAO Zhi-yi1，and ZHAO Hong-bo1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1943-1950.
• Abstract ( 884 ) HTML ( 1153 ) PDF (1882KB) ( 1153 ) 　　　
• For an intergeneric cross between Sinocalycanthus chinensis and Calycanthus floridus var. oblongifolius，a pollen-pistil interaction using fluorescence microscopy and hybrid embryo development through a paraffin section were conducted to reveal intergeneric cross-compatibility. Results showed that，with or without reciprocal crosses，pollen grains of male parents could adhere and further germinate on stigmas of female parents and that pollen tubes could reach the embryo sacs. The process of pollen germination and pollen tube growth was more consistent when S. chinensis was used as the female parent with most of the pollen tubes entering the embryo sacs approximately 36 h after pollination. However，with or without reciprocal crosses，the hybrid embryo development through the paraffin section caused post-fertilization barriers that led to a very low seed set. Although double fertilization was observed，most hybrid embryos aborted in the early developmental stage. The barrier mechanism between reciprocal crosses，though，differed，with the reproductive barrier for S. chinensis × C. floridus var. oblongifolius being due to hybrid embryo abortion or degeneration in the early developmental stage，and the reproductive barrier for C. floridus var. oblongifolius × S. chinensis being due to a high percentage of abnormal megagametophytes together with hybrid embryo abortion in the early developmental stage. Thus the cross between S. chinensis and C. floridus var. oblongifoliushad no barriers from pollen adherence and germination，but post-fertilization barriers meant poor seed set.
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• Phenotypic Diversity of Leaves Morphologic Characteristics of Ulmus lamellosa Natural Populations in Shanxi
• ZHENG Xin，MENG Chao，JI Zhi-feng，and WANG Yi-ling*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1951-1960.
• Abstract ( 637 ) HTML ( 1545 ) PDF (262KB) ( 1545 ) 　　　
• The method of the nested analysis，principal component analysis，cluster analysis and other statistical methods were adopted to reveal the pattern and degree of morphological variation of 14 leaves phenotypic characters from 150 individuals of 6 Ulmus lamellosa natural populations. The results showed：（1）All the 14 phenotypic characters showed a significant or very significant differentiation within and among populations，indicating there is a wealth of variation.（2）The coefficient of variation CV of 4 morphological indexes（vein，tooth of the widest part，blade and petiole）were 15.425%，23.731%，25.446% and 45.168% respectively. The stability of leaf veins was the highest，while the leaf petiole was the lowest. （3）The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient V_ST among populations was 28.104%，far less than that of within populations（71.896%），which indicated that the variation mainly occurred within populations.（4）The phenotypic characters of Ulmus lamellosa showed gradient regularity. The leaves，petiole width and leaf thickness became smaller gradually with the increase of latitude.（5）The 6 populations of Ulmus lamellosa gathtered into 3 clustes based on Euclidean distance.
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Other Horticulture Plants

• Subcellular Localization and Expression Analysis of CsICE Transcription Factor Related to Cold Stress in Tea Plant
• YIN Ying，ZHANG Yue，HU Jing-yan，ZHOU Lin，WANG Ming-le，FANG Wan-ping*，and LI Xing-hui*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1961-1969.
• Abstract ( 759 ) HTML ( 1800 ) PDF (469KB) ( 1800 ) 　　　
• The 783 bp length ORF of transcription factor CsICE，related to the cold stress in tea plant [Camellia sinensis（L.）O. Kuntze]，was amplified by PCR，and cultivar‘Yingshuang’was used as the material. The expression levels of CsICE were analyzed by real time quantitative PCR. The result showed that CsICE expressed in all the tissues，including roots，stems，leaves，flowers and fruits. Furthermore，the expression level in leaves was the highest，almost four times higher than that in roots，stems and fruits. The expression level of CsICE was 40 times under ABA stress（500 μmol ? L^-1）higher than that in untreated sample，while under cold treatment at 4 ℃，it was 20 times higher than the control. Under 10% polyethyleneglycol treatment，the CsICE expression level was only 5 times higher than that in untreated sample. The localization assays result indicated that CsICE protein localized in the cell nucleus.
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Research Notes

• Effects of Soil pH on Growth，Distribution and Utilization of Carbon and Nitrogen of Malus × domestica‘Red Fuji’
• GE Shun-feng1，JI Meng-meng1，XU Hai-gang1，HAO Wen-qiang2，WEI Shao-chong1，and JIANG Yuan-mao1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1969-1975.
• Abstract ( 588 ) HTML ( 1181 ) PDF (269KB) ( 1181 ) 　　　
• Two-year-old apple trees（Malus × domestica Borkh.‘Red Fuji’）/Malus hupehensis were used to study the effects of six different soil pH treatments（soil pH 6.83，6.40，5.87，5.29，4.58 and 3.82，respectively）on growth and the characteristics of distribution and utilization of carbon and nitrogen using the track technology of ¹³C and ¹⁵N double mark. The results showed that the biomass of root，above ground，total dry weight，root-cap ratio，net photosynthesis and ¹⁵N utilization efficiency decreased with the decrease of soil pH value. The ¹⁵N and ¹³C distribution patternwere consistent in various organs among the different soil pH treatments：Mainly in the leaves，followed by the annual stems，then the roots，and the biennial stems were the least. Differences in the same organ（especially in roots and leaves）in ¹⁵N and ¹³C distribution ratio were found among the different soil pH treatments. With the decrease of soil pH value，the 15N and 13C distribution ratio in leaves increased，while those values in the roots decreased.
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• Effects of Different Zeolite Amount on the Growth of Potted Malus hupehensis Rehd. Seedlings and Utilization of 15N-urea
• CHEN Qian，MEN Yong-ge，ZHOU Le，WEI Shao-chong，and JIANG Yuan-mao*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1976-1982.
• Abstract ( 788 ) HTML ( 999 ) PDF (191KB) ( 999 ) 　　　
• One-year-old potted Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings and ¹⁵N trace technique were used to explore the effects of zeolite on plant growth and the utilization，loss of ¹⁵N-urea. The main results were as follows：The plant height，total wet weight and utilization of ¹⁵N-urea under the low zeolite levels （zeolite 0.6 and 1.2 g · kg-1） were the highest at the early growth stage，and then they were higher with the high zeolite level. At the late stage，the plant height，total wet weight and 15N utilization ratio were the highest for zeolite 2.4 g · kg-1 soil，they were 29.78 cm，29.64 g and 17.91% respectively，which were obviously higher than the control（23.28 cm，22.52 g and 8.81%），but the difference among 4 zeolite treatments were not significant. Ndff values of shoots were higher than roots for all treatments during the whole stages. At the early stage，Ndff values of both shoots and roots were the highest for the low zeolite level treatments（zeolite 0.6 and 1.2 g · kg-1），while at the late stage，the values of zeolite 2.4 g · kg-1 soil were the highest，they were 19.04% and 8.34% respectively，which were obviously higher than the control（16.27% and 5.83%）. The loss of nitrogen decreased by using zeolite，and the more zeolite used，the more effective was the result. As a whole，with the application of zeolite，the growth of plant and the utilization of 15N were significantly increased and the loss of nitrogen decreased，with zeolite 2.4 g · kg-1 soil treatment showing the best.
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• Effect of Dormancy with Leaves on Respiration of Grape Buds During Dormancy Release
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1983-1990.
• Abstract ( 613 ) HTML ( 1071 ) PDF (208KB) ( 1071 ) 　　　
• Effect of dormancy with leaves and defoliation on respiration of grape buds during dormancy release was studied in high chilling requirement grape‘Summer Black’. Results indicated that dormancy with leaves was more effective on breaking dormancy than defoliation by manual work. Dormancy with leaves and defoliation had a similar change tendency of respiration rate and pathway. However，respiration of dormancy with leaves changed obviously earlier than defoliation. Respiration rate，EMP-TCA，alternative pathway and residual pathway of dormancy were more activate than defoliation during dormancy release.
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• Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Elongation Factor EF-Tu Gene from Cabbage
• WANG Zhi-min，NIU Yi*，XU Jun-qiang，SUN Zi-jian，DING Ze-qin，YANG Xiu-qin，TANG Qing-lin，and SONG Ming*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1990-1998.
• Abstract ( 617 ) HTML ( 1210 ) PDF (568KB) ( 1210 ) 　　　
• The elongation factor BoEF-Tu was isolated and characterized from cabbage（Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.）line E1 using RT-PCR and RACE-PCR after two-dimensional electrophoresis of cabbage pollen total proteins，which found that BoEF-Tu protein was upregulated when pollens were germinated. The cabbage BoEF-Tu cDNA clone contained 1 728 bp with an open reading frame（ORF）located from 112 to 1 473 bp，encoding a protein of 453 amino acids. The predicted molecular mass of BoEF-Tu was 49.17 kD with acidic pI of 6.52. Bioinformatic analysis results showed that BoEF-Tu protein might contain 9 α-helixes and 18 β-folds，and a GTP-binding signature（DKAPEEKKRGITIATA）was located from 106 to 121 amino acid residues，but had no signal peptide sequences and transmembrane region. Homology analysis of the deduced amino acids indicated that the sequences had 93% similarity with Arabidopsis thaliana EF-TuM. The phylogenetic tree showed that the BoEF-Tu had the closest genetic relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana EF-Tu.
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• Research on the Microtuber Induction System of Dioscorea alata in Vitro
• HAN Xiao-yong，YAN Rui-xia，YIN Jian-mei*，ZHANG Pei-tong，GUO Wen-qi，and LI Chun-hong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 1999-2005.
• Abstract ( 682 ) HTML ( 1606 ) PDF (216KB) ( 1606 ) 　　　
• With the axillary buds of in vitro plantlets of Dioscorea alata L.from Taizhou City，Zhejiang Province，the effect of microtuber formation and development was studied based on different medium volumes，plant growth regulator concentration ratio，sucrose concentration and illumination intensity. The results showed that the preferred condition for induction of microtuber was 1/2MS basal medium supplemented with 0.1 mg · L^-1 6-BA，2.0 mg · L^-1 NAA，70 g · L^-1 sucrose and 0.02% activated carbon under 2 000 lx illumination intensity. The volume of 1/2MS was 60 mL for every tissue culture vessel which standard was ZP17-440. The microtuber began forming at the 40 d and the inductivity reached 100% in 90 d.
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• Effects of Different Shading on Anthocyanins in the Petals of Camellia reticulata
• XI Cong-fang1，ZHENG Li2，ZI Shu-hui1，LI Jian-bin1,*，CHEN Shu-ying1，and WANG You-guo2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2006-2014.
• Abstract ( 745 ) HTML ( 1381 ) PDF (332KB) ( 1381 ) 　　　
• The composition and content of anthocyanins in the petals of Camellia reticulata Lindl. were studied shading at the different levels. The results showed that 13 major anthocyanins in the petals were identified by high pressure liquid chromatography（HPLC）analysis. Among which cyanidin 3-O-(2-O-b-xylosyl)-b-glucose （Cy3GX）and cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-b-xylosyl-6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl]-b-glucose （Cy3GEpCX）were the main anthocyanin in the petals of C. reticulata，and theirs contents reach up to 60.4%–64.2% of total anthocyanins in petals. The contents of the 13 anthocyanins were observed increase at first then reduce with the shade rate increased，and/or the shading time extended，but theirs percentage did not change among total anthocyanins. The contents of Cy3GX，Cy3GEpCX and total anthocyanins were found to increase significantly when the plant was covered by 70% shade net；And 60% shade net covering have similar effects. Comparing with non shading plants，the highest content of anthocyanins was produced at the 21st day covering in the 60% and 70% shade nets. However，the contents of the three anthocyanins were reduced with the shading time was extended in 90% shade net，even lower than the non-shading. It is important for the plant of Yunnan camellia flowersbeing appropriate shaded with shade net in order to increase quantity of anthocyanins，and to improve the flower color.
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• Establishment and Optimization of SCoT Molecular Marker System in Chrysanthemum and Its Application of Analysis on Genetic Diversity
• LI Pi-rui，JIANG Jia-fu，CHEN Su-mei，GUAN Zhi-yong，LIAO Yuan，FANG Wei-min，and CHEN Fa-di*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2015-2025.
• Abstract ( 806 ) HTML ( 1612 ) PDF (962KB) ( 1612 ) 　　　
• Orthogonal design was applied to optimize SCoT-PCR amplification system of Chrysanthemum in five factors such as Mg²⁺，dNTPs，primer，Taq DNA polymerase and template DNA. An optimal reaction system of species from Chrysanthemum was completed；25 μL PCR reaction mixtures contained Mg²⁺ 1.2 mmol · L^-1，dNTPs 0.15 mmol · L^-1，primers 0.8 μmol · L^-1，Taq polymerase 1 U，template DNA 50 ng. The most suitable annealing temperature of primers was 49.4 ℃. The improved method for separating PCR products was 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining. Three materials from Chrysanthemum with different ploidy levels（2x，4x，6x）were used to test the optimized reaction system. Ideal results with clear polymorphic bands showed that the stable and reliable reaction system was obtained. SCoT markers were applied to study the genetic diversity and relationship of 18 species of Chrysanthemum and its related genera. Using 12 selected SCoT primers 209 bands were generate，of which 189（90.43%）were polymorphic. The Jaccard genetic similarity coefficients among the species were calculated with NTSYS-pc2.10e software and the values were between 0.4516 and 0.7035 with an average of 0.58. These coef?cients were utilized to construct a dendrogram using the unweight pair-group method with arithmetic averages（UPGMA）. The results showed that 18 species of Chrysanthemum and its related genera could be grouped into two distinct clusters based on similarity of 0.530. The others except Crossostephium chinense and Artemisia sericea were in one cluster，which was further divided into six groups when the similarity coefficient value was 0.615. The results demonstrate that the SCoT marker system is useful for studying genetic diversity and relationships among species of Chrysanthemum and its related genera.
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• Application of SCoT Molecular Marker in Genetic Diversity of Cymbidium
• GAO Ling，FENG Shang-guo，HE Ren-feng，ZHAO Miao-yu，and WANG Hui-zhong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2026-2032.
• Abstract ( 773 ) HTML ( 1414 ) PDF (318KB) ( 1414 ) 　　　
• In this research，SCoT markers were applied to detect the genetic diversity among 24 Cymbidum samples of 14 species. Two hundred and fifty-nine DNA bands were generated by 27 primers including 224 polymorphic bands. The polymorphic percent is 86.49%. Strip size was from 100 bp to 2 000 bp，and most of the bands were concentrated between 500 bp and 1 300 bp. Dendrograms generated from coefficient of genetic distance between species on the basis of SCoT markers showed that the germplasms were divided into 5 clusters. Cluster A was composed of C. georingii，C. ensifolium，C. faberi，and C. tortosepalum；Cluster B included C. sinese and C. kanran；C. goeringii var. ongibracteatum was cluster C；C. lancifolium belonged to cluster D；Cluster E was composed of C. floribundum，C. wenshanense，C. hookerianum，C. maguanense，C. lowianum and C. iridioides. The research showed that part of the result was different from the traditional classification of Cymbidium.
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• Induction and Determination of Tetraploid Plants of Phaius tankervilleae
• LI Dou-dou1， LIU Zhi-long2，HUANG Ming-zhong2，CHEN Ji-tian1，TANG Yan-qiong1,*，and YANG Guang-sui2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2033-2038.
• Abstract ( 561 ) HTML ( 848 ) PDF (478KB) ( 848 ) 　　　
• Tetraploids of Phaius tankervilleae were induced through the treatment of protocorms with colchicine in vitro. The results showed that ploidy levels of protocorms changed with colchicine soaking and the highest induction rate of 22.5% was obtained by immersing protocorms into 0.02% colchicine solution for 6 days. Cytological determination of regenerated plants indicated that three tetraploid plantlets were obtained among mutated plants survived，and the morphology，the number and size of stomata of the mutants were different from those of the diploid plants，with obviously bigger nucleus.
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Review

• Chlorophyll Breakdown in Plant Senescent Leaves and Ripening Fruit
• LI Dong-dong and LUO Zi-sheng*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2039-2048.
• Abstract ( 763 ) HTML ( 4412 ) PDF (438KB) ( 4412 ) 　　　
• During the past 20 years，the pathway of chlorophyll breakdown has been deep- investigated，especially the structure elucidation of nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites which is crucial for the cognizance of chlorophyll breakdown pathway. The effects of some catabolic enzymes involved in the chlorophyll degradation have been further demonstrated and part of the pathway is revised and completed. Moreover，the physiologic roles of chlorophyll catabolites enrich the significance of chlorophyll breakdown which is not only a prerequisite to detoxify the phototoxic pigments catabolites，but also is relevant to the viability of senescent leaves and ripening frui.
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• ASR Protein and Plant Stress Tolerance
• CHENG Wei-shun1,*，SUN Yu-hong1，ZENG Hong-xia1，DU Nian-hua1，SHI Xian-feng1，and CAI Xin-zhong2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2049-2057.
• Abstract ( 670 ) HTML ( 1975 ) PDF (278KB) ( 1975 ) 　　　
• ASR（the abscisic acid，stress，ripening protein）proteins are a suite of important family proteins found in organisms，which are generally involved in osmoregulation. They will be induced in plants under stress conditions，such as drought，low temperature，salt stress and ABA. The overexpression of ASR proteins can reduce plant injure by stress. ASR proteins can stabilize the cell membrane structure，and as molecular chaperones，can combine ions and prevent oxidation. In current paper，the classification and structure of ASR proteins，encoding genes，the expression and regulation of ASR proteins，and the relationship among ASR gene expression，ASR protein accumulation and plant stress tolerance has been summarized.
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• Advances in Long Distance Transport of RNA Molecules in Plant Phloem
• LI Ping-fang，YANG Xing-ping*，XU Jin-hua， LIU Guang， YAO Xie-feng， GAO Chang-zhou，and ZHU Ling-li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2058-2066.
• Abstract ( 898 ) HTML ( 10253 ) PDF (238KB) ( 10253 ) 　　　
• The presence ofRNA molecules in plant phloem sieve elements which can do long-distance transport is an important discovery in plant kingdom. And it has been discovered that there are three kinds of RNA molecules in phloem sap including exogenous viroids or virus RNA，plant endogenous mRNA and small non-protein-coding RNA（snRNA）. Long-distance transport of RNAs in phloem sap can function as signal molecules in mediating plant growth and development. In this paper，the methods of how to collect phloem sap，the RNA molecules in plant phloem sap and the signaling pathways as well as the mechanisms by which how they are transported are discussed and summarized.
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• The Application of Nanotechnology in Fruits and Vegetables Products and Its Safety and Risk
• ZHANG Wen-lin1，XI Wan-peng1,2，ZHAO Xi-juan1，YU Jie1,2，JIAO Bi-ning3，and ZHOU Zhi-qin1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2067-2078.
• Abstract ( 849 ) HTML ( 2161 ) PDF (331KB) ( 2161 ) 　　　
• This article reviewed the application of nanotechnology in fruits and vegetables production，summarized the research progress of nanotechnology in the field of fruits and vegetables products including fruit and vegetable storage，preservation，processing，and the rapid detection of harmful substances. The safety and risk of nanotechnology were also analyzed and discussed in an attempt to provide information for the future application of nanotechnology in the fruits and vegetables products.
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New Cultivars

• A New Late Ripening Cultivar‘Yuehua’
• WANG Dong-mei，LIU Zhi*，YIN Kai，ZHANG Jing-e，YAN Zhong-ye，YANG Feng，and Lü Tian-xing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2079-2080.
• Abstract ( 538 ) HTML ( 816 ) PDF (174KB) ( 816 ) 　　　
• ‘Yuehua’is a new late ripening apple hybrid selected from‘Hanfu’בYueshuai’. Its fruit shape is conical，average fruit weight is 215 g，the largest is 325 g. The fruit skin is glossy，covered by bright red color. Its flesh is yellowish white，crisp，juicy，sour-sweet，palatable，aromatic and normal taste，with a firmness of 11.9 kg · cm^-2，containing a soluble solids content of 15.5%，titratable acidity of 0.37%. The basic fruit development is 160 d. The main characteristic is strong-storage，cold resistance and ring rot disease resistance.
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• A New Early-ripening Pear Cultivar‘Jinsu’
• LI Jun-cai*，WANG Jia-zhen，CAI Zhong-min，LIU Cheng，SHA Shou-feng，and LI Hong-jun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2081-2082.
• Abstract ( 591 ) HTML ( 835 ) PDF (178KB) ( 835 ) 　　　
• ‘Jinsu’pear was bred from‘Zaosu’and‘Jinshuisu’. It maturates at the middle of August in Xiongyue，Liaoning. Fruit is olivary and single fruit weigh is 230 g with yellow-greenish skin. Fruit peel is thin，and flesh is crisp with more juice and less stone cells. Taste is sour-sweet. The soluble solids content is 12.5%，the titratable acid is 0.28%，vitamin C is 0.037 mg · g^-1，and firmness is 5.68 kg · cm^-2. The fruit quality is excellent. It bears early，with high fruit quality，high productive，and long harvest season. Fruit is resistant to bitter bit.
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• A New Pear Cultivar‘Jinzaosu’
• GUO Huang-ping*，HAO Guo-wei，ZHANG Xiao-wei，and YANG Sheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2083-2084.
• Abstract ( 540 ) HTML ( 878 ) PDF (162KB) ( 878 ) 　　　
• ‘Jinzaosu’is bred with female parent‘Dangshan Suli’× male parent‘Zhuzuili’. The fruit is cylindrical with yellow peel. The average fruit weights 240 g. Its flesh is white，succulent and tasted sweet. The soluble solids content of this fruit is 11%–13%. Furthermore，it is resistant to storage. It ripens in early September in Jinzhong，Shanxi Province.
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• A New Early-ripening Sweet Cherry Cultivar‘Chunyan’
• LI Ming*，ZHAO Gai-rong，LIU Cong-li，LI Yu-hong，and GENG Le-le
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2085-2086.
• Abstract ( 614 ) HTML ( 827 ) PDF (157KB) ( 827 ) 　　　
• ‘Chunyan’is an early-ripening and big-fruit sweet cherry cultivar which was bred by crossing‘Ranier’with‘Hongdeng’. The fruits are yellowish red，short heart-shape，and weighing 8.1 g on average. The flesh is yellow，succulent thin brittle and succulent. The soluble solids content，total sugar content，titrtable acid content and vitamin C content are 17.2%，11.55%，0.93% and 83.8 mg · kg^-1 respectively. It has sweet and little sour taste，a rich flavor and fine quality. The tree is very early fruiting and high yield，with strong resistance and adaptability.
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• Pepper Cultivar‘Huangguan’
• LU Wen-jia1，LI Zhi-jun1，LONG Wei-ping1，HAN Fu-guang2，XIE Jing1，and ZHENG Jin-rong2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2087-2088.
• Abstract ( 598 ) HTML ( 895 ) PDF (169KB) ( 895 ) 　　　
• The new pepper‘Huangguan’was hybrid cultivar accomplished using the resistant materials‘0701’as female parent and the good quality and big fruit material‘0702’as male parent. The plant height is of 61.5–69.5 cm. The average node of the first flower is 9.3–9.6. The fruits are light yellow and green in early stage，while deep red as soon as the maturity，sheep horn shape，smooth surface with luster. The fruit length and diameter is of 17.2–17.8 cm and 3.01–3.23 cm. The thick of fruit flesh is of 0.34–0.37 cm. The single weight is of 42.0–52.7 g. The commercial rate is 97.72%–98.71%. The vitamin C content is 1.36 mg · g^-1 and spicy taste. It is mid-resistant to bacterial wilt，and tolerant to heat，cold and drought.
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• A New Linear Hot Pepper Cultivar‘Shanjiao 2012’
• ZHAO Zun-lian*，LU Ming-hui，WU Qing-qiang，and GUO Jian-wei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2089-2090.
• Abstract ( 586 ) HTML ( 838 ) PDF (169KB) ( 838 ) 　　　
• The new cultivar‘Shanjiao 2012’is red，wrinkled line pepper，which was selected and bred from the cross progeny between LR-03-05 and L-33-5. The LR-03-05 is a linear pepper germplasm with virus disease resistance，high yield and width fruit. The L-33-5 is a breeding line with smaller，better quality fruit and fasciation. This cultivar has a compact canopy. The plant height is 71–75 cm，width of canopy is 30–35 cm. The average length，width and fresh weight of fruits were 17.3 cm，1.46 cm and 9.8 g respectively. It has a relative strong resistance（tolerance）to virus，leaf spot disease and phytophthora capsici. The regional tests in Shaanxi Province showed the yield of fresh pepper is 27.7 t · hm^-2.
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• A New Hybrid Winter Gourd Cultivar‘Tiezhu’
• XIE Da-sen*，HE Xiao-ming，LIU Wen-rui，PENG Qing-wu，JIANG Biao，and ZHAO Qin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2091-2092.
• Abstract ( 915 ) HTML ( 671 ) PDF (1194KB) ( 671 ) 　　　
• ‘Tiezhu’is a middle-late maturity hybrid of winter gourd [Benincasa hispida（Thumb.）Cogn. How.] with good quality，high yield and tolerance to storage. The fruit is in long cylinder shape，with dark green skin，weighing about 13.2 kg. It is 81.3 cm in length，19.5 cm in diameter and 6.5 cm in flesh thickness. The white flesh is firm and compactness ratio is 1.944 g · cm^-3. The hybrid grows vigorously and has wide adaptability. The cultivar is moderately resistant to Phytophthora blight wilt and virus and resistant to Fusarum wilt. It takes 120 days to harvest from sowing.The yield is above 90 t · hm^-2.
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• A New Crisp Flesh Muskmelon Cultivar‘Hongmali’
• FAN Min*，ZHANG Rui-lin，and NIU Xiao-wei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2093-2094.
• Abstract ( 705 ) HTML ( 563 ) PDF (133KB) ( 563 ) 　　　
• ‘Hongmali’is a new generation of hybrid muskmelon germplasm with high yield and superior quality. This cultivar is characterized by its short-oval shape，ivory pericarp color，some sparse reticulate in fruit surface and thick，crisp，jacinth-colored flesh，which makes it smell faint scent and tasty. In normal conditions，the soluble solids content ranges between 15%–18% and the average weight of single fruit is around 2 kg. So，it is better quality，beautiful appearance，long distance transportation and good merchandise. The whole growth period is 100 d and the fruit development period is 41–45 d. The plants are resistance to blight and several leaf diseases. The yield under filed condition is up to 37.5–45.0 t · hm^-2.
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• Supper Sweet Corn New Cultivar‘Yuetian 20’
• ZHENG Jin-rong*，LI Gao-ke，LIU Jian-hua，LI Yu-liang，and HU Jian-guang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2095-2096.
• Abstract ( 619 ) HTML ( 1076 ) PDF (137KB) ( 1076 ) 　　　
• ‘Yutian 20’was achieved by‘XWY’and‘TT5-2’crossed. The average fresh ear yield of the cultivar rang from 16 255.5 to 16 377 kg · hm^-2，the ear length rang from 18.3 to 21.6 cm，the average fresh weight per ear is 356.5 g，the mean ear diameter is 5.0 cm，the soluble sugar content rangs from 30.54% to 31.81%，the pericarp thickness of kernel rang from 64.42 to 69.31 µm. In the same time，the cultivar has good eating quality，good appearance and wide adaptability to environment.
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• OT Lily Cultivars‘Huofenghuang’and‘Jinlong’
• CUI Guang-fen，WANG Ji-hua，JIA Wen-jie，DUAN Qing，MA Lu-lin，WANG Xiang-ning*，WU Li-fang*，and JIANG Ya-lian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2097-2098.
• Abstract ( 747 ) HTML ( 773 ) PDF (216KB) ( 773 ) 　　　
• ‘Huofenghuang’and‘Jinlong’are new OT lily cultivars，the former from OT lily‘OT11’（♀）and Oriental lily‘D36’（♂），the latter from Oriental lily‘D38’（♀）and OT lily‘OT11’（♂）. The two cultivars got also by cutting stigma pollination combining with embryo rescue techniques. ‘Huofenghuang’is a compact flower type with yellow-red complex color cultivar.‘Jinlong’is characterized by yellow flowers，strong growth potential and short growth period. The two cultivars show good heat resistance and are suitable for planting widely，so that have significant market value.
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• A New Double Type Rhododendron Cultivar‘Zijin Yanhou’
• LIU Xiao-qing，SU Jia-le*，LI Chang，HE Li-si，and CHEN Lu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(10): 2099-2100.
• Abstract ( 672 ) HTML ( 755 ) PDF (151KB) ( 755 ) 　　　
• Rhododendron‘Zijin Yanhou’is a derived from the cross of female‘Xiaoye Tiehong’and male‘Hanbao’. Its flower color is brightly red. Its stamen and calyx are all change into petal. The diameter of flower head is about 6.0–6.5 cm. It is characterized by compact plant type，vigour growth，high temperature and high humidity tolerance. It is suitable for protected cultivation. Its natural florescence is from late March to early April. Its flowering can last 25–28 days.
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