Fruit Trees

• Characteristics of Pollen from Transgenic Lines of Apple Carrying Exogenous CpTI Gene
• SHI Xiao-Xin, ZHOU Rui-Jin, WANG Qian-Qian, CHANG Teng-Fei, FENG Sha-Sha, DU Guo-Qiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 1-9. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0804
• Abstract ( 760 ) HTML ( 1314 ) PDF (1308KB) ( 1314 ) 　　　
• It is one of the fundamental works for gene transformation and its ecosystem hazard evaluation to study the pollen characteristics of transgenic plants. In this research，some characteristics of pollen from seven- or eight-year-old transgenic plants of apple that carried exogenous CpTI gene were analyzed. The results showed that no signi ficant difference was found in terms of size，morphology，and exine ornamentation of the pollen in the transgenic plants compared to those in the non-transgenic control. It was found that transgenic plants had more abnormal pollen grains. Of the thirteen transgenic lines tested，12 lines had significant lower amount of pollen，and six exhibited significantly lower germination rate when cultured in vitro. The pollen viability of three transgenic lines was determined，of which two wassignificantly lower than that of the control. The transgenic Gala apple pollen grains germinated normally via controlled pollination on Fuji apple stigma. But the pollen tubes extended relatively slow during the middle and late developing stages，and another eight hours was needed to reach the ovules compared to the control. The concentration of gibberellic acid of the flower from transgenic Gala apple was lower than that of the non-transgenic control during all development stages tested. The concentration of abscisic acid in transgenic ones was lower during the pink stage and higher during the ball stage and full open stage. Microscopic observation of the anther structure showed no difference. The tapetum of the pollen sac wall in transgenic plants decomposed late，and affected the pollen grain development，which could be one of the reasons leading to the less of the pollen grain and the poor viability in transgenic plants.
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• Effects of Chitin on Growth，Photosynthesis and Antioxidative System of Malus hupehensis Seedlings Under Replant Condition
• WANG Yan-Fang, PAN Feng-Bing, FU Feng-Yun, XIANG Li, ZHANG Xian-Fu, CHEN Xue-Sen, SHEN Xiang, MAO Zhi-Quan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 10-18. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0760
• Abstract ( 581 ) HTML ( 1042 ) PDF (261KB) ( 1042 ) 　　　
• Chitins were added to the replant soils in pots to the final dosages at 0，0.5，1.0，2.5 g ? kg-1，respectively. The seedlings of Malus hupehensis Rehd. were planted in the pots. The effects of chitin on the photosynthesis，the contents of reactive oxygen species（ROS）and the activities of antioxidative enzymes in leaves of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings under the replant conditions were studied. The results showed that the addition of chitin at 1.0 g ? kg-1 obviously enhanced the plant height，ground diameter，up and under ground dry weight，root shoot ratio and photosynthetic parameters. The root shoot ratio of plants treated with 1.0 g ? kg-1 chitins was 1.51 higher than that of the control. Treatment with 1.0 g ? kg-1 chitins also increased the content of photosynthetic pigments，net photosynthetic rate（Pn） and transpiration rate（Tr）in leaves of seedlings. The Pn of plants treated with 1.0 g ? kg-1 chitins was 1.30 higher than that of the control. The seedlings treated with 1.0 g ? kg-1 chitin exhibited higher activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），catalase（CAT），and ascorbate peroxidase（APX），which were 1.10，1.85，1.77 and 1.43 times as high as that of the control，respectively. Treatment with 1.0 g ? kg-1 chitin not only decreased the contents of MDA，H2O2，and  to 73%，62% and 34% of the control，but also reduced the contents of proline（Pro）and soluble sugars. Addition of chitin at 2.5 g ? kg-1 significantly decreased the biomass，photosynthetic rate and the activities of antioxidant enzymes，promoted the accumulation of the  and proline. Those results suggested that appropriate dosages of chitin could alleviate the replant disease of apple.
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• Phylogenetic Utility of Chinese Rubus（Rosaceae）Based on ndhF Sequence
• ZHANG Li, WANG Yan, CHEN Qing, LUO Ya, ZHANG Yong, TANG Hao-Ru, WANG Xiao-Rong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 19-30. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0752
• Abstract ( 614 ) HTML ( 1629 ) PDF (383KB) ( 1629 ) 　　　
• Rubus is a large and taxonomically complex group that displays agamospermy，polyploidy and frequent hybridization. The phylogeny of the genus has long been controversial. It is also difficult to identify and classify the wild excellent Rubus germplasms. The chloroplast DNA fragments ndhF of 53 Rubus species（variety）were analyzed for phylogenetic relationships among the genus by the Maximum parsimony（MP）and Bayesian inference（BI）analysis. Rosa xanthina and Fragaria vesca were used as outgroups，which were related to Rubus and belonged to Rosoideae subfamily. The results revealed that the ndhF among the genus was relatively conserved and 1182 bp in length. There were 88（7.44%）variable sites and 47（3.97%）parsimony information sites. The sequence divergence in section Idaeobatus was faster than that in sections Malachobatus and Dalibardastrum. Multiple DNA regions evolved rapidly should be used to resolve phylogenetic relationships within sect. Malachobatus. The phylogenetic tree indicated that those species from sections Malachobatus and Dalibardastrum formed a well-supported clade，whilethe species of sect. Idaeobatus were divided into four clades and polyphyletic. Based on the data，it was inferred that evolution in Rubus proceeded from compound leaf to simple leaf，and sect. Idaeobatus were the primitive group. These results supported the evolution view of Lu. It is helpful to identify and classify the wild excellent Rubus germplasms，as well as accumulate molecular data for the phylogeny of Rubus.
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• The Effect of Silencing Chalcone Synthase on Anthocyanin Metabolism in Peach
• ZHANG Lei, ZHU Li-Xin, XU Chuan, CUI Chun-Mei, SHENG Hong-Ya, LI Rui, WANG Hong-Qing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 31-37. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0554
• Abstract ( 781 ) HTML ( 1382 ) PDF (352KB) ( 1382 ) 　　　
• In this study，we cloned a 493 bp CHS fragment from the peach（Prunus persica）peal and constructed interference vector TRV-LIC-CHSi using virus-induced gene silencing（VIGS）to study the function of PpCHS in anthocyanin pathway in peach skin by Agrobacterium infiltration. The interference successfully decreased CHS expression by 88.8% and remarkably modified anthocyanins content in peach skin，specifically，anthocyanin content and quercetin content decreased by 87% and 35% respectively；Chlorogenic acid content increased by 57% up；The content of procyanidin，catechin and kaempferol did not show significant change. Our results demonstrated that the whole anthocyanin pathway was turned to chlorogenic acid and its complexes synthesis when the expression of CHS was severely repressed. CHS is an important gene in anthocyanin synthesis and regulates the relative amount of specific flavonoids.
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Vegetables

• Genetics of Fruit Color and Sequence Variation of gf Locus in Brown Tomato Lines
• XIAO Liang-Jun, LU Jia-Nan, LI Ning, LIU Xiao-Qian, YANG Wen-Cai
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 38-46. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0694
• Abstract ( 752 ) HTML ( 1276 ) PDF (682KB) ( 1276 ) 　　　
• Exocarp，mesocarp，endocarp，and placenta colors were recorded from ripe fruits of each individual in the F2 population derived from a cross between the red-fruited line OH 88119 and brown-fruited line Black Cherry. Without considering the color of lycopene，the exocarp color and mesocarp/endocarp color inherited independently with one gene each. Genomic DNA was amplified from tomato lines Black Cherry and Purple Cherry by PCR with gene-specific primers. cDNA was also obtained from 8 brown lines using RT-PCR with the same gene-specific primers. Comparing to the sequences of GF gene in red-fruited tomato line，a substitution of T/C occurred in coding regions of Black Cherry，Heifanqie（9T）-h，Heifanqie-2012 and Ziguo（Round），a deletion of AT occurred in coding region of Ziguo（Oval），and an insertion of A in coding regions of Purple Cherry，Ziyu（F1）-h-h and Chocolate Cherry. These mutants belonged to gf 4，gf 3 and gf 2，and formed novel stop codon. A Derived Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence（dCAPS）marker for identifying gf 3 and gf 4 was developed based on the sequencevariations，which will provide a tool for marker-assisted selection of brown fruit in tomato.
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• Clone and Expression Analysis of LemiR828 and Identification of Its Target Gene in Tomato
• LIU Wei-Wei, YU Li-Li, FANG Yuan, ZHOU Ying, LI Yang, ZHOU Bo
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 47-55. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0782
• Abstract ( 634 ) HTML ( 1230 ) PDF (586KB) ( 1230 ) 　　　
• In order to understand the character of LemiR828 in tomato（Lycopersicum esculentum）LA1996（with anthocyanin fruit，Aft），the precursor sequence and potential target gene of LemiR828 were obtained by PCR using cDNA as template. The expression of LemiR828 and its target gene in tomato fruits were also evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. LemiR828-guided cleavage and the target site identified on putative Trans-Acting SiRNA Gene 4（LeTAS4）mRNA were validated using RLM 5′RACE. The precursor sequence of LemiR828 was shown to contain a complete hairpin structure. Moreover，the expression of LemiR828 and its target gene LeTAS4 in tomato fruits differed in developmental stages. During green fruit stages，the transcriptional level of LemiR828 and LeTAS4 was low and did not seem to be related to negative regulation；however，in mature fruit stages，their expression was high，and LemiR828 negatively regulated the expression of LeTAS4. The mature LemiR828 targeted a sequence of high complementarity in LeTAS4 mRNA and sheared the 10th position in LeTAS4 mRNA from LemiR828 5? end.Thus，during specific developmental stages in Aft tomato fruits，LemiR828 and LeTAS4 were involved in the regulation of fruit development and the expression of LeTAS4 was negatively regulated by LemiR828，probably regulated anthocyanin synthesis at particular stages.
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• Foliar Spray Calcium and Salicylic Acid Improve the Activities and Gene Expression of Photosynthetic Enzymes in Cucumber Seedlings Under Low Light Intensity and Suboptimal Temperature
• BI Huan-Gai, DONG Xu-Bing, WANG Mei-Ling, AI Xi-Zhen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 56-64. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0857
• Abstract ( 636 ) HTML ( 988 ) PDF (296KB) ( 988 ) 　　　
• The purpose of this paper is to investigate the regulating mechanism of calcium chloride （CaCl2）and salicylic acid（SA）on the photosynthesis of cucumber（Cucumis sativa L.）seedlings under suboptimal temperature and low light intensity.‘Jinyou 3’cucumber seedlings were used as the experimental materials. Seedlings were pre-treated with either distilled water，10 mmol ? L-1 calcium chloride（CaCl2）and 1 mmol ? L-1 salicylic acid（SA）for 3 d. Afterwards，the pre-treated and non-pretreated（control）seedlings were displaced into growth chambers and treated under suboptimal temperature （day/night temperature is 18 ℃/12 ℃）and low light intensity（100 μmol ? m-2 ? s-1）. The results showed that suboptimal temperature and low light intensity decreased the growth，photosynthetic rate（Pn），theactivities and mRNA expressions of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase（Rubisco），fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase（FBPase），glyceraldehyde-3-phospha -ate dehydrogenase（GAPDH），fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase（FBA）and transketolase（TK）significantly. 10 mmol ? L-1 CaCl2 and 1 mmol ? L-1 SA led to an increase in the growth volume，Pn，activities and mRNA expressions of Rubisco，FBPase，GAPDH，FBA and TK. The results suggest that CaCl2 and SA have beneficial effects on the adaptation to low light and suboptimal temperature in cucumber seedlings. It speculates that this adaptation might be related to the observed increase in the gene expression and activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes.
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Ornamental Plants

• Cloning and Expression Analysis of Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene CmFAD7 in Chrysanthemum
• LI Yong-Hua, WANG Cui-Li, LI Yong, YANG Qiu-Sheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 65-74. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0429
• Abstract ( 550 ) HTML ( 975 ) PDF (1015KB) ( 975 ) 　　　
• Chrysanthemum（Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.）cultivar‘Xingguang Canlan’with cold resistance was used as experimental materials in this study，ω-3 fatty acid desaturase gene were separated and cloned from the leaf by RT-PCR and RACE，named CmFAD7，accession number is KC567246 in GenBank. The full length cDNA of CmFAD7 is 1 284 bp，encoding a protein of 428 amino acids. Its molecular mass is 48.98 kD，and pI is 9.07. The identities of putative amino acid sequence of chrysanthemum ω-3 fatty acid desaturase compared with that of plastidial ω-3 fatty acid desaturase from Crepis alpine is 84%. CmFAD7 protein contains a delta 12-FADs conservative domain，three transmembrane helical structures，and a chloroplast transit peptide at N-terminal，which is belonging to the Membrane-FADs-like superfamily. Expression of CmFAD7 and fatty acid content in leaf and root under low temperature stress were determined with real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and gas chromatographytechnology，CmFAD7 expressed in root and leaf under different temperatures，the level of expression in leaves was higher than that in roots. The highest expression level in roots and leaves were at 5 ℃，–4 ℃，respectively. Oppositely，the expression level in leaves and roots were lower at–8 ℃. With the decline of treatment temperature，C18:3 content in leaves increased gradually，but there is no obvious changes in roots. In conclusion，CmFAD7 is associated with the cold resistance in chrysanthemum，there are significant differences for expression level in different organs under the conditions of low temperature.
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• Studies on Pollen Morphology of Nelumbo Germplasm
• LI Zuo, ZHAO Kai-Ge, ZHAO Mei, CHEN Long-Qing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 75-85. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0467
• Abstract ( 505 ) HTML ( 936 ) PDF (748KB) ( 936 ) 　　　
• Pollens gains from 31 Nelumbo germplasm was examined using scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The results showed that all pollen grains investigated are sub-spheroidal in shape and elliptical in equatorial view. Pollen are predominately 3-lobed-rounder type in polar view，and the others are sub-orbicular. The pollen of all the accessions exclusively are 3-colpate type，and five accessions are additional 6-pantocolpate type. The obvious differences of pollen morphology of those 31 Nelumbo germplasm，especially in the characters of colpus and lirae demonstrated the genetic diversity and divergence，which provided valuable tools to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among the Nelumbo accessions.
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• ITS Sequence Analysis of Opisthopappus taihangensis and O. longilobus
• WANG Yi-Ling, ZHANG Cui-Qin, LIN Li-Li, YUAN Li-Huan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 86-94. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0400
• Abstract ( 468 ) HTML ( 986 ) PDF (322KB) ( 986 ) 　　　
• The ITS of ribosomal DNA was sequenced to investigate the difference between ITS sequences for 13 populations of Opisthopappus taihangensis（8 populations）and O. longilobus（5 populations）of Opisthopappus. The results indicated that the total length of ITS was 682 bp containing 15 parsimony informative sites. Eighteen nrDNA haplotypes were identified. High haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity had occurred into O. taihangensis（hd = 0.558，πd = 0.00158）and O. longilobus populations（hd = 0.908，πd = 0.00537）. Some haplotypes were unique ones for O. taihangensis and O. longilobus respectively，some were shared by this two species. All indentified haplotypes clustered into two lineages，Hn8 might be an ancestral haplotype for the lineageⅠ，Hn1 was the predominant and widespread one in the cladeⅡ. The all studied populations of O. taihangensis and O. longilobus was gathered a monophyletic clade. Five O. longilobus populations were not gathered together，LLS and SBY of O. longilobus were gathered together with all eight O. taihangensis populations which indicated exchange of genes or interspecific hybridization occurred between O. taihangensis and O. longilobus.During the process of evolution，long-distance dispersal and colonization may be a major historical event for O. longilobus；A pattern of population expansion and re-colonization was observed in O. taihangensis before the uplift of Taihang Mountains.
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Other Horticulture Plants

• Molecular Cloning，Subcellular Localization and Expression Analysis of NADPH Oxidase Gene from Tea Plant
• WANG Ming-Le, WANG Wei-Dong, ZHAO Zhen, LI Xing-Hui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 95-103. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0503
• Abstract ( 595 ) HTML ( 1405 ) PDF (842KB) ( 1405 ) 　　　
• In this study，the homologous gene CsRBOHA was isolated from tea plant（Camellia sinensis）by RACE and RT-PCR. The full length of CsRBOHA gene（GenBank Accession No. KJ782632）was 3 157 bp，which had an open reading frame of 2 769 bp，encoding 922 amino acids. The molecular weight of the predicted enzyme was 103.33 kD and the pI value was 9.28. Homologous alignment showed that the predicted CsRBOHA protein was similar to Nicotiana tabacum and Ricinus communis，with the similarity of 79%. CsRBOHA was conserved with NADPH oxidase superfamily. Subcellular localization indicated that the protein was localized in plasma membrane，which is identical to the predicted results. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the gene was tissue-specific and up-regulated by low temperature，NaCl（200 nmol ? L-1），ABA（200 mg ? L-1）and 10% PEG 6000 at different degree.
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Research Notes

• Effects of Cutting Back Pruning Degree on Distribution and Utilization of 13C and 15N for Prunus avium‘Hongdeng’
• FU Ying，JIANG Yuan-mao，ZHANG Shi-zhong，LEI Qing-guo，and TANG Xian-zhuang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 104-110. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0403
• Abstract ( 565 ) HTML ( 817 ) PDF (273KB) ( 817 ) 　　　
• Two-year-old field sweet cherry trees（Prunus avium L.‘Hongdeng’/Cerasus sachalinensis Kom.）were used to study the effects of different cutting back pruning degrees on characteristics of distribution of 13C and 15N，and as well as utilization of 15N. The results showed that the cutting back pruning promoted the carbohydrates to root system distribution at the new shoot growing stage. The extremely heavy cutting back pruning reduced the 13C distribution ratios to the leaves and new shoots respectively by 29.15% and 7.3%，and increased the distribution ratios to the large and fine roots respectively by 46.65% and 48.43% With the tree growing process，the 13C distribution ratios in the cutting back pruning treatment's leaves and new shoots were higher than that in the control. The 13C distribution ratios in the perennial branches decreased with the increase of the cutting back pruning intensity. The 13Cdistribution ratios in roots were the lowest in the moderate cutting back pruning and the highest in the extremely heavy cutting back pruning. The sequence of the 15N utilization ratios from high to low was the moderate pruning > the control > the extremely heavy pruning. The maximum difference of 15N utilization efficiency appeared at new shoot stop growing stage，and the 15N utilization ratios respectively were 6.91%，5.54% and 3.60% in the moderate，the extremely heavy cutting back pruning and the control. The 15N utilization ratios in the perennial branches decreased with the increase of the cutting back pruning intensity and that in leaves and new shoots increased with the increase of the cutting back pruning intensity.
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• Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Prunus salicina from Different Producing Areas by SSR Markers
• ZUO Li-Hui, HAN Zhi-Xiao, LIANG Hai-Yong, YANG Min-Sheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 111-118. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0679
• Abstract ( 516 ) HTML ( 1068 ) PDF (363KB) ( 1068 ) 　　　
• Sixteen pairs SSR primers that evenly distributed on the 8 chromosome linkage group were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 24 Prunus salicina varieties from different producing areas. The result showed that the PIC of each primer was ranging from 0.547 to 0.783，with the lowest primer CPSCT005 and the maximum primer CPSCT022. The effective alleles，Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information of different primers differed significantly，in which primer CPSCT031 was the lowest while primer CPSCT039 was the maximum. According to the analysis of all primers，the relationship of effective alleles，Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information of three producing areas were the same：Northern variety and southern variety were less different and greater than foreign variety. The populations of southern variety and foreign variety were clustered together. Sixteen pairs primers expanded 86 sites in total，while the polymorphic loci were 81 with the percentage of 94.19%，and the amplification loci of each pair of primers amplification in average was 5.38. Cluster results showed that in line 0.35，24 species were divided into two groups，and most of the northern varieties gathered for a class whereas the southern varieties and foreign varieties gathered into a group. The results indicated in molecular level that foreignvarieties originated from China.
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• Genetic Diversity of Cultivated Pears from Fujian Province Revealed by cpDNA Haplotypes and Nuclear Microsatellites
• YUE Xiao-yan1，HUANG Xin-zhong2，ZONG Yu1，and TENG Yuan-wen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 119-130. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0583
• Abstract ( 1389 ) HTML ( 1575 ) PDF (341KB) ( 1575 ) 　　　
• A non-coding chloroplast region，accD-psaI and 17 microsatellite markers were used to assay genetic diversity of 49 pear accessions from Fujian Province. A total of 49 sequences were collected and five haplotypes（Hap1–Hap5）were recognized containing four variation sites. Nucleotide diversity（Pi）and haplotype diversity were 0.00139 and 0.660. The TCS Network indicated that Hap5 was the ancestral haplotype，only detected in two individuals. Two hundred and eleven different alleles were detected among seventeen SSR loci，ranged from 5 to 23 with an average of 12.41 alleles per locus. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity values were 0.5802 and 0.7549，respectively. The Shannon’s information index for each locus was from 0.5830 to 2.7683 with a mean value of 1.8661. The Neighbor-Joining（NJ）tree grouped 49 pear accessions to nine major groups，which are generally congruent to haplotype diversity. Chloroplast haplotypes and microsatellite locus polymorphism information demonstrated a high level of genetic diversity of pear landraces from Fujian，China.
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• Effect of Residual Roots on the Biomass of Malus hupehensis Seedlings，Phenolic Acids and Microbiology in the Soil of Continuous Cropping
• SUN Bu-lei，WANG Yan-fang，ZHANG Xian-fu，SHEN Xiang，CHEN Xue-sen，and MAO Zhi-quan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 131-139. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0707
• Abstract ( 502 ) HTML ( 845 ) PDF (374KB) ( 845 ) 　　　
• Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings were planted in pot and residual roots were added to pots filled with replant soil at four rates（w/w）：0，0.3%，0.6%，1.2% and 2.4%. The effects of residual roots on the biomass of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings and soil environment were measured. The results showed that 0.3% increased the biomass of the seedlings，while when the residual roots application was between 0.6%–2.4%，the biomass of seedlings were decreased. The number of soil microorganism were also changed by the residual roots，in spring，compared with the control，the treatments of 0.6%，1.2% and 2.4% decreased the number of bacteria by 19.36%，30.78%，39.6%，respectively，but the numbers of fungi and actinomycetes were increased. The similar trend was observed in summer and autumn. The addition ofresidual roots significantly increased the content of phenolic acids，in spring，the treatments of 0.6%，1.2%，2.4% increased the content of phenolic acids by 57.49%，116.20%，131.718%，respectively. In addition，the treatments of 0.6%，1.2%，2.4% decreased the activities of soil urease and sucrase，and increased the activities of soil neutral phosphatase. These results suggested that the residual roots on the growth of M. hupehensis seedlings depended on the concentrations of its application，lower addition of residual roots could promoted the accumulation of plant biomass，while higher concentration of residual roots led to serious growth inhibition for M. hupehensis seedlings，which was responsible for the continuous cropping obstacle.
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• Optimized Method for Detecting the Cold Hardiness of Grape Dormant Bud by Low Temperature Exotherms（LTE）Analysis and Its Utilization
• CHAI Feng-mei1，ZHU Wei1，XIANG Yue1，XIN Hai-ping1，and LI Shao-hua1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 140-148. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0651
• Abstract ( 629 ) HTML ( 966 ) PDF (415KB) ( 966 ) 　　　
• The moisture condition and nodes of grapevine dormant buds during the low temperature exotherm（LTE）analysis were optimized and the changes of LTE of dormant buds were investigated under storage at–4 ℃ and–8 ℃. The results show that the appropriate moisture condition of grape dormant buds was 150 μL for each cell. The plump dormant buds from the 3rd–8th node can be used as suitable material. The cold hardiness of buds was maintained up to 3 months under the storage at–4 ℃. By using optimized methods，the cold hardiness of 20 grape germplasms including 5 wild species were detected. The results reveal that the LTE of wild species was significantly lower than those of the other germplasm including the cultivars from interspecific hybrids，and the Vitis vinifera cultivars had the highest LTE. Furthermore，the cold hardiness of grape buds of the same type varied with cultivars or species.
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• Construction and Analysis of a Root Full-length cDNA Library of Poncirus trifoliate
• YAO Li-xiao，WANG Jin-ping，HE Yong-rui，LEI Tian-gang，XU Lan-zhen，PENG Ai-hong，ZOU Xiu-ping，and CHEN Shan-chun*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 149-156. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0769
• Abstract ( 477 ) HTML ( 1058 ) PDF (354KB) ( 1058 ) 　　　
• For understanding the gene expression information in roots of trifoliate orange（Poncirus trifoliata），an excellent citrus rootstock，a full-length cDNA library was successfully constructed with the root material. According to the quality analysis results，the library reached 1.08 × 106 cfu ? mL-1 in capacity with a recombinant efficiency as high as 95%. One hundred and eighty-two expressed sequence tags（ESTs，GenBank No.：JK316116–JK316297）were obtained from 200 clones that were randomly selected from the library，and then subjected to further assay. Among 96 unigenes obtained from those ESTs，which included 12 contigs and 84 singletons，68 unigenes were homologous with the genes in GenBank database while 56 unigenes were homologous with the citrus genes published. These unigenes may have biology function such as binding，catalytic activity and so on，and may play important roles in biology process such as cellular process，metabolic process，response to stimulus and so forth. Twenty-four unigenes were annotated among the 36 genes with the open reading frame（ORF）and 9 genes might be related with stress responsing or root developing.
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• Effects of Methionine-selenium on Physiological Characteristics and Quality of Muskmelon
• ZHANG Yang-yang1，JIAO Zi-gao2,*，AI Xi-zhen1，XIAO Shou-hua2，WANG Chong-qi2，DONG Yu-mei2，and MA Rong-jin1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 157-166. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0731
• Abstract ( 696 ) HTML ( 968 ) PDF (355KB) ( 968 ) 　　　
• The effect of methionine-selenium（Met-Se）on selenium（Se）content，physiological characteristics，and quality of the muskmelon（Cucumis melo‘M135’）were studied by spraying Met-Se solution on the leaves. Spraying the same amount of water was set as control in the spraying concentration test，Met-Se solution with different Se concentration（15，30 or 60 mg ? L-1）were respectively sprayed on the leaves of the muskmelon. Results indicated that the Se concentration of 30 mg ? L-1 Met-Se solution significantly increased the quality of muskmelon fruit compared with the control，and up to the selenium-rich standards. Taking none spraying as control in the spraying times test，sprayed Met-Se solution with Se concentration of 30 mg ? L-1 respectively once，twice or three times on the leaves. Results indicated thatsprayed Met-Se solution for 1–3 times led to an obvious increase in pigment content，photosynthetic rate（Pn），growth volume and yield. The contents of organic and inorganic Se，soluble sugars，proteins and free anomic acids in fruit were also higher than those of the control. The contents of Se and organic Se in muskmelon fruit treated with Met-Se solution for 2 times were 43.13 μg ? kg-1 and 35.38 μg ? kg-1 respectively，and the soluble sugar，protein and free anomic acid contents increased by 9.14%，31.72% and 33.90% respectively compared with those of the control. These data suggested that foliar spraying Met-Se not only increased the Se content in muskmelon fruits，but also enhanced the photosynthetic capacity，and improved the yield and integrated quality，especially sprayed Met-Se solution with Se concentration 30 mg ? L-1 for 2 times.
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• Molecular Identification and Sequence Analysis of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus（TYLCV）Isolate from Shijiazhuang
• BAI Xiao-juan1,2，LI Ya-dong1,*，WANG Guo-hua1，YIN Qing-zhen1，GENG Bao-jin1，DONG Wen-qi1,**，ZHOU Chun-jiang2，and WU Zhi-ming1,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 167-173. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0557
• Abstract ( 567 ) HTML ( 1163 ) PDF (274KB) ( 1163 ) 　　　
• A 626 bp fragment of replication protein region of TYLCV（Tomato yellow leaf curl virus） was cloned using PCR with primers JC1 from Shijiazhuang samples with typical symptoms of yellow leaf curl，and sequence analysis confirmed that it was a part of TYLCV. Then the full-length of TYLCV was obtained with a pair of primers QC and sequenced. The already reported universary primers CR01/CR02 for DNA-B were used for amplification and the results showed that only DNA-A containing 2 781 bp nucleotides and it was named as TYLCV-shijiazhuang（GenBank accession No. KF612971）. Sequenceanalysis showed that TYLCV-shijiazhuang was similar to TYLCV-Israel for 99.0%. However，it was sometimes expceptional that TYLCV-Shijiazhuang isolate was most closely related to TYLCV-Beijing3（GenBank accession No. GU983859），TYLCV-SDSG-XC（GenBank accession No. KC999851），and they all belonged to the same monophyletic clusters of TYLCV-Israel isolate.
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• Isolation and Identification of Pathogen Causing Black Spot Disease of Chrysanthemum morifolium‘Huaihuang’
• ZHAO Xi-ting1,2,3,*，WANG Miao1，WANG Tian-le1，and LI Ming-jun1,2,3
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 174-182. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0763
• Abstract ( 668 ) HTML ( 1189 ) PDF (1132KB) ( 1189 ) 　　　
• A pathogen causing leaf black spot of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium‘Huaihuang’was isolated and characterized based on the morphological features，phenotypic analysis of spore production，pathogenicity test，and sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA（rDNA-ITS）. The results showed that the black spot disease was caused by Alternaria sp. A1 and A2，two pathogenic strains，were obtained from the diseased plants. Although isolates A1 and A2 showed some variations on colony texture，color，edge uniformity，and sporulation phenotype，there was no significant difference in their pathogenicity to Chrysanthemum morifolium‘Huaihuang’leaves. The rDNA-ITS sequence of the two fungi strain showed 100% identity. The sequence of the identified fungus has been submitted to GenBank（GenBank accession number：KF688111）.
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Technologies and Methods

• Development and Application of a Quantitative RT-PCR Approach for Quantification of T3 Genotype of Citrus tristeza virus
• TAO Zhen-zhen1,2，LI Zhong-an2，JIA Min1，TANG Meng2，TANG Ke-zhi2，ZHOU Chang-yong2,*，and ZHOU Yan2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 183-190. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0740
• Abstract ( 643 ) HTML ( 1071 ) PDF (418KB) ( 1071 ) 　　　
• This study established a quantitative RT-PCR method with primers T3-4F/R based on the conserved nucleotide sequence of Citrus tristeza virus（CTV）gene ORF1a. The results showed that the method was at least hundred times higher than that with conventional PCR. A good linear correlation（R2 = 0.992）obtained from two standard curve of cRNA. The amplification efficiency was 97.1%. Three-time repeats revealed that the coefficients of variation between the intra- and inter-assay were both within 2.94%，indicating a reliating reproducibility detection method to CTV. There was noticeable differences among the content of T3 genotype in field samples，the highest content can reach to 1 250 times the lowest. The method was used for accurate determination of T3 genotype in the plant，and could be used to studythe variation of T3 genotype.
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New Cultivars

• A New Early Ripening Sweet Nectarine Cultivar‘Qinguang 3’
• WANG An-Zhu, HAN Ming-Yu, TIAN Yu-Ming, ZHAO Cai-Ping, ZHANG Man-Rang, LIU Hang-Kong, WANG Shu-Li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 191-192. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0439
• Abstract ( 1470 ) HTML ( 774 ) PDF (151KB) ( 774 ) 　　　
• ‘Qinguang 3’nectarine（Prunus persica var. nectariana Maxim）is a new very early-ripening nectarine cultivar selected from cross combination‘82-4-33’בAmuken’.The fruit development period is 78 days. The fruit shape is round. Its average fruit weight is 160 g，the biggest is 245 g. The fruit skin cover red color. The flesh is white with cling stone. It tastes sweet and rich flavor with very strong aroma. The soluble solids content is 13.0%. It has high yield.
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• A New Mini-fruit Walnut Cultivar‘Chuanmihe’
• WAN Xue-Qin, XIAO Qian-Wen, ZHANG Fan, ZHONG Yu, HU Ting-Xing, LI Zhi
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 193-194. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0056
• Abstract ( 668 ) HTML ( 763 ) PDF (160KB) ( 763 ) 　　　
• ‘Chuanmihe’is a new walnut cultivar derived from the native and excellent walnut plant（NO.090614）in Mabian County. The nut is small and round，with the smooth surface. The shell thickness is 0.8 mm，fruit diameter is 2.1 cm，longitudinal diameter is 2.5 cm，and kernel percentage is 55.2%. The total fat content is 56.4%，and total protein content is 11.0%. The production of its 5-year-old crown projection area is 350 g ? m-2. It has good adaptability resistance to wet，disease and insects. The cultivar is suitable for cultivation in the Chengdu plain and in low mountain areas of Sichuan Province.
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• A New Strawberry Cultivar‘Fumei 2’
• HUA Xiu-Feng, CHEN Xi, ZHU Hai-Sheng, CHEN Ai-Hua
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 195-196. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0298
• Abstract ( 718 ) HTML ( 827 ) PDF (201KB) ( 827 ) 　　　
• ‘Fumei 2’is a new strawberry cultivar which is derived from the cross between‘Sagahonoka’as female parent and‘Frandy’as male parent. Its conical fruits were red color，delicate in texture，fragrant in aroma，medium in fruit firmness. It contains soluble solids of 9.5%，the total sugar of 7.1%，the titratable acid of 0.47%，vitamin C of 0.719 mg ? g-1. The average fruit weight is 20 g. It is resistance to powdery mildew. It is suitable for open cultivation and protected cultivation of Southern China.
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• A New Hot Pepper Cultivar‘Layou 13’
• HUANG Zhen, ZOU Ji-Wen, CHANG Shao-Dong, LIU Yu-Ping, GUO Shuang, HE Zi-Fu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 197-198. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0351
• Abstract ( 852 ) HTML ( 962 ) PDF (154KB) ( 962 ) 　　　
• ‘Layou 13’（Capsicum annuum L.）is a new hot pepper cultivar derived from excellent cytoplasmic male sterile（CMS）line 561A crossing with restoring line Z154. The fruit is green-colored，sheep-horn shaped. Ripe fruit is smooth-skinned with fresh red. The average single fruit is 12.2–13.3 cm long，12.8–15.6 g weigh. The average yield is about 35 000 kg ? hm-2. The soluble sugar content is 22.3 g ? kg-1，the protein content is 12.7 mg ? kg-1，and the vitamin C content is 1.07 mg ? g-1. It has high yield，good quality，good adaptability，medium maturity，resistance to high stress，and bacterial wilt disease. ‘Layou 13’is suitable for open field cultivation in spring in the areas of Guangdong，Guangxi and Hainan Province.
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• A New Tree Peony Distant Hybrid Cultivar‘Caihong’
• YUAN Tao, WANG Fu, LI Qing-Dao, MA Jun, WANG Lian-Ying
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 199-200. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0537
• Abstract ( 1449 ) HTML ( 909 ) PDF (198KB) ( 909 ) 　　　
• The tree peony cultivar‘Caihong’is derived from the distant hybridization posterities of Paeonia delavayi var. lutea and P. suffruticosa‘Jitsugetsu-nishiki’. The plant is semi-spreading in shape with vigorous growth and high flowering rate. The flower is orange，13?–17 cm in diameter，and of double petals and chrysanthemum form. Cultivating in Northern China is suitable for it. The natural florescence is between the early and middle May and lasts for 17–22 days. It can be applied in landscape，potting and forcing culture.
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• A New Chrysanthemum Cultivar‘Binfen’
• ZHOU Hou-Gao, WANG Wen-Tong, QIAO Zhi-Qin, WANG Yan-Jun, WANG Hong-Chang, WANG Feng-Lan, HUANG Zi-Feng, HE Ze-Ming
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2015, 42(1): 201-202. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0311
• Abstract ( 1524 ) HTML ( 863 ) PDF (185KB) ( 863 ) 　　　
• ‘Binfen’is a new cut flower cultivar of autumn Chrysanthemums which is derived from bud mutation of Dendranthema grandiflorum‘Shuangsezi’. The length of its panicle（inflorescence）is 35.6 cm，with a rang of 19.8 cm. Its capitulum diameter is 3.5 cm，with yellow and purple haloes ray floret. Growth period is 113 days. Under natural conditions，flowering begins from late November to early December.
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