In this paper，the domestic and international application of induced mutation techniques in the breeding of deciduous fruit trees，including mutagenesis method，mutation breeding achievements，and the trend of development，have been comparatively analyzed. Furthermore，the existing problems in the mutation breeding including the balancing development，evaluation method and mutation mechanism study have also been pointed out. Meanwhile，the induced mutation technique was also discussed with the traditional cross breeding，in vitro culture technique and genomics researches.

This review is a systematic update of latest development on deastringency mechanism in persimmon. This paper focuses on the persimmon cultivar classification，fruit development characteristics，in particular the current studies on tannin cells and proanthocyanidins metabolism，from physiological，biochemical and molecular aspects. The comparison of difference in the characteristics and molecular mechanism underlying natural deastringency between PCNA（pollination-constant and non-astringent persimmon）and non-PCNA，and between Chinese PCNA persimmon（CPCNA）and Japanese PCNA persimmon（JPCNA）is carried out in order to elucidate the advantages of using PCNA as a commercial cultivars and to emphasize the extraordinary roles of CPCNA in genetic improvement for persimmon.

Shoot-tip grafting（STG）is one of effective techniques for eliminating the diseases from infected citrus to obtain the virus-free budwoods. The core of STG is success and virus elimination rate. In this review，factors influenced success and virus elimination rate of grafted shoot tips was mainly summarized in order to provide some experiences and tricks for virus-free citrus producers.

Citrus virus and virus-like diseases have causeddevastating losses in global citrus production.Diagnosis technology is an important safeguard for the prevention and control of citrus virus and virus-like diseases. In this paper，the research progress in recent years on indicator plant，electron microscopy，serological method，molecular hybridization，（RT-）PCR，（RT-）LAMP，DNA chip and high-throughput sequencing were reviewed. Furthermore，the further research directions of diagnosis of citrus pathogens were also discussed in order to lay a sound foundation for better control of the damage caused by citrus virus and virus-like diseases.

After infection with Citrus Huanglongbing（HLB），not only metabolism，hormonal regulation and defense responses of plant host，but also development，tendentious and syncytium endosymbiont of psyllids have changed. In addition，the pathogen can regulate behavior of insect indirectly by changing the volatile substance of host plants. The recent advances in interactions among pathogen，insect vector and plant host of HLB were reviewed，and several directions for future research were prospected.

Citrus Alternaria brown spot（ABS）caused by the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata is a fungal disease，which has posed a threat to the citrus industy. Considerable advances have focused on the signal transduction genes in the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata，but most are involved in biological functions of a single gene. Signaling pathways mediating ROS detoxification have been elucidated. ACT toxin produced by the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata is responsible for the infection of citrus. Studies have shown that the ability to mitigate the toxicity of ROS is also required for pathogenesis. This paper summarizes the latest knowledge of signal transduction genes，signaling pathways and mechanism associated with ROS detoxification in the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata，aimed at providing some theoretical reference for the molecular pathogenesis on the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata.

Puffing is one of physiological disorders prevalently developed in citrus fruits during ripening or storage. Puffing mechanism remains largely unknown，thus rarely effective measures could be adopted at present to prevent the citrus production from the loss. In this review，we summarize current researches on the puffing symptoms，its development and prevention and we also present these current understanding in puffing mechanisms at levels of cytomorphology，physiology，biochemistry and molecular regulation. Our focus of further research to elucidate the mechanism of citrus puffing and its regulation was also discussed in the line with our current research progress.

The cuticle of tomato（Solanum lycopersicum） fruit is relatively thick and does not contain stomata，which makes a suitable model system for fleshy fruit research. In this paper，the research on tomato fruit cuticle composition，formation，functions and regulatory factors were reviewed. It will provide theoretic foundation for fleshy fruit development and post-harvest biology.

Tomato chlorosis virus（ToCV） which has been spread to all over the world was discovered for the first time in Florida in 1998. In China，since 2004 reported in Taiwan，the virus has been found in Shandong，Henan，Hebei，Tianjin，Beijing and other main producing areas of tomato. Tomato chlorosis virus has brought serious even destructive harm to tomato production and could be another important disease after the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. In this study，Tomato chlorosis virus disease，damage symptoms and identification of resistance resources was described. This paper aimed at providing a reference for ToCV resistant breeding，molecular markers development，fine mapping of ToCV resistance genes and cloning and so on.

The rind color of Cucurbita is an important trait for evaluating the fruit development and maturity status. To provide theoretical basis for molecular marker assisted breeding and variety improvement，inheritance and gene mapping of rind color，color transforming，and pigment metabolism regulation in Cucurbita were summarized in this review.

Recent proteomics investigations have provided important information for in-depth understanding the molecular mechanisms of spinach growth and stress response for spinach. By integrative analysis of spinach proteomics research results，we revealed the regulatory mechanism of spinach organelles development，as well as in response to iron，cadmium，salinity，and sulfide stresses，including that（i）the degradation of chloroplast RNA was regulated by MgCl₂-independent endonuclease and MgCl₂-dependent endonucleases in the dark；（ii）SWI/SNF complex B（SWIB）domain-containing plastid nucleoid-associated protein（ptNAP），Myb-related transcription factor SANT superfamily（MRTF），jasmonate and ethylene-responsive factor 3（JERF3），β-catenin（armadillo/b-catenin），and RecF/RecN/SMC domain-containing protein involved in the regulation of the compaction of chloroplastnucleoids；（iii）thioredoxin（Trx） regulated the functions of chloroplast and mitochondria by adjusting the redox state of their proteins；（iv）peroxidases were involved in antioxidant systems，the photorespiratory C2 cycle，fatty acid β-oxidation，the glyoxylate cycle，jasmonic acid and phylloquinone synthesis；（v）the PS I in spinach leaves was highly sensitive to iron deficiency，and spinach could adapt to iron deficiency by adjusting the dynamic equilibrium of PS Ⅱ antenna；（vi）the basal leaves of spinach had a positive response to cadmium stress and they prevented Cd²⁺ spreading to apical leaves through the accumulation of phytochelatins，while the photosynthesis and energy metabolism were increased in the apical leaves to provide sufficient energy for the whole plants；（vii）the photosynthesis and energy metabolism，as well as the biosynthesis of ethylene and jasmonic acid were all enhanced in response to hydrogen sulfide stress.

In this paper，we reviewed the progress about the construction of molecular marker linkage map，important ornamental and economic value related traits locating（flowers，plants and resistance related traits）and other aspects research progress of Rosa，as well as discussing the problems and development prospects of modern rose QTLs locating.

Combining with the latest genetic and molecular biological research on sex determinant，the authors in this paper reviewed the influence of environment factors，such as plant hormone（including antheridiogens，ethylene，cytokinin），nutrient condition，population density，light condition，as well as its own conditions on sex determinant following the introduction of ferns life cycle and summaried the molecular mechanism of antheridiogen determines sex in Lygodium japonicum via a spatiotemporally split gibberellin synthesis pathway；the genetic and molecular model of sex-determining pathway in Ceratopteris；MADS-box genes which is related to sex determinant. A series of problems needed to be solved are also pointed out and the research direction in the future are also put forward to provide an effective contribution to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of sex determination in ferns.

Theanine is a characteristic biochemical component in tea plant（Camellia sinensis）， which involves in regulation of nitrogen metabolism and transportation，and also in quality of tea. It has health benefits on human being such as relaxation and tranquilization. The content of theanine is a quantitative trait. The synthesis of theanine in tea is not only regulated by genes，but also influenced by environment. This paper presented distribution，and variation of theanine in C. sinensis. The metabolic pathway and the related genes，the external factors influencing theanine level as well as the breeding of tea cultivars with high level of theanine were also summarized. And it will provide a reference to select tea resource with high theanine content and research its formation mechanism.

Differentially expressed novel miRNAs related to calyx persistence were identified in a previous experiment using small RNA（Illumina） sequencing. The expression of the novel miRNAs ranked among the top 20 in the small RNA sequencing. There were significant differences in novel miRNA expression between samples with a deciduous calyx and those with a persistent calyx and between ovaries and sepals. The miRNAs were cloned using stem-loop methods and then qRT-PCR analysis was conducted. The target genes of mature novel miRNAs were predicted and the secondary structures of pre-miRNAs were analyzed. The mature sequences of nine novel miRNAs and the qRT-PCR expression of four novel miRNAs were consistent with the results of small RNA sequencing. Many functional target genes were predicted. Novel miRNAs were cloned and their structure was analyzed. This work lays the foundation for further elucidation of the mechanism by which miRNA regulates calyx persistence.

In this study，SSR loci were mined from transcriptome sequencing data of flowering Chinese cabbage using the MIcroSAtellite identification tool（MISA）. 11 879 SSR loci，including the types of 1–6 nucleotide repeats with occurring frequency of 1/3.2 kb（312.5/Mb），were discovered from 48 975 transcriptomic unigenes（38.17 Mb）. The major types of SSR loci were 1–3 nucleotide repeats，accounted for 99.01% of the SSR loci，of which mono-，di- and tri- nucleotide repeats were 41.11%，28.23% and 29.67%，respectively. Fifty-eight repeat motifs with iteration numbers from 5 to 23 were identified，and the most abundant motifs were A/T，AG/CT，AT/AT，AC/GT，AAG/CTT and AGG/CCT. The lengths of repeat nucleotide sequences for all SSR loci ranged from 10 to 60 bp，with most below 20 bp，and only 7.9% （938 SSR loci）above 20 bp. A total of 676 pairs of SSR primers with the potential to produce polymorphism were designed；30 primer combinations were randomly selected for amplification tests，of which 22 primer pairs amplified unambiguously with reproducible amplicons and 12 primer combinations produced polymorphisms in four flower Chinese cabbage accessions. These results could provide the foundation for the development and application of SSR markers in flowering Chinese cabbage.

The effects of sucrose treatment on antioxidant activity and energy metabolism of broccoli florets were investigated. Broccoli florets were treated with MS solid medium including various concentrations（0，50，100，150，200 and 250 mmol · L^-1）of sucrose in dark for 3 d. The results showed the medium with 150 mmol · L^-1 of sucrose significantly inhibited the chlorophyll degradation，while the control group turned completely yellow. When compared to the control group，sucrose treatment restrained the increase of polyphenol oxidase（PPO）activity and the decrease of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase（PAL）activity. There were no remarkable differences in the increase of malondialdehyde（MDA）content between the sucrose-treated and control groups. Sucrose treatment maintain the energy metabolism by maintaining higher levels of ATP，ADP and energy charge（EC）and delaying the decline of Ca²⁺-ATPase activity in chloroplast and mitochondria. The declining of the vitamin C may not be the key to chlorophyll degradation.

Allotriploid lily is a common parent for introgression breeding，in order to evaluate the breeding value of the allotriploid lily‘Royal Lace’，we analyzed the genome composition of‘Royal Lace’and 6 progenies from‘Royal Lace’בPollyanna’using genomic in situ hybridization. The results showed that‘Royal Lace’is allotriploid，which consists of 24 Asiatic chromosomes and 12Longiflorumchromosomes，including 1 recombinant Asiatic chromosome and 1 recombinant Longiflorumchromosome. The 6 progenies are all aneuploids，the number of chromosomes of the progenies ranges from 27 to 32. There are differences in recombination chromosomes and break points of different progenies. The different genome composition of the progenies is the genetic basis of morphological variations. Therefore，‘Royal Lace’is a promising parent for introgression breeding and aneuploidy breeding in Lilium.

‘Yujiao’is a new table cultivar of Chinese jujube（Ziziphus jujuba Mill.） selected from the natural-pollinated seedlings of‘Daxuezao’，it is mid-late ripening and highly resistant to fruit shrinking and cracking. The fruits are round，dark red，and ripen in late September with average fruit weight of 19.71 g and edible ratio of 96.2%. The fruit tastes excellent owning to its crisp，juicy and sweet pulp.‘Yujiao’has advantages of early-fruiting and high yield and is suitable to be cultivated in Xianxian，Zanhuang，Xingtang of Hebei and other areas with similar ecological conditions.

‘Chenglu’is a new canning peach cultivar derived from the seedlings of‘Fenghuang’בChengxiang’. The average fruit mass is 235 g. The fruit is orange，non-melting，sweet-sour and it has good quality. It is early bearing，high yield and strong adaptable. The fruit development period is 125 days. The canned product has orange color，fine luster and delicate fragrance. The processing rate is very high.

‘Jin Lingzhi 1’is a new cultivar of edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum oriented from a wild strain collected from Huanjiang Maonan Nationality Autonomous County in Guangxi Province by systematic breeding. The fruit body is single fan-shaped with reddish-brown color. A single fruit body is weight 80–120 g，and the diameter is from 10 cm to 20 cm. In addition，it has many excellent characteristics，such as strong resistance，good quality，regularity and high yield.

‘Jinghe’is a new lily cultivar of Asiatic hybrid. The cultivar has high plant height with 110–130 cm，short growth period with 80–85 days，long florescence with 20–25 days，and strong comprehensive resistance. Its flower is orange-yellow and buds number per plant growing from a bulb with a circumference of 14–16 cm is 7–10. In addition，the bulb of this cultivar is edible. It not only has high nutrition value，but also contains a high content of bioactive substances.

Two new Melastoma cultivars‘Tianjiao’and‘Xinyuan’are selected from the F₁ hybrids M. candidum（♀）× M. sanguineum（♂），and M. sanguineum（♀）× M. intermedium（♂）.‘Tianjiao’has dense branches，compact plant type and abundant，light purple flowers. It flowers from June to October and fruits from June to November.‘Xinyuan’has purple flowers，with reflexed and petalodic stamens forming an internal whorl. It flowers from June to August and fruits from July to October. Both cultivars prefer warm and humid climate，adequate sunshine and acid soils，so they can be widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions.

‘Linxiafeng’is a new cultivar bred from seedling population of Salvia splendens. The plant height is 75–82 cm and the crown is 70–78 cm. The inflorescence length is 25–28 cm and the number of inflorescences is more than 99. The calyx color is white with red halo and corolla is red. The plant has brightcolor flowers，long flowering period and excellent ornamental. It also has strong resistance，a certain ability of resistance to high temperature，suitable for planting in Beijing area.