Fruit Trees

• Expression Analysis of Malus hupehensis（Pamp）Rehd. MhWRKY40b Gene in Response to Several Stresses
• LUO Chang-Guo, QU Shen-Chun, ZHANG Ji-Yu, WANG San-Hong, QIAO Yu-Shan, ZHANG Shi-Jie, LIU Dan, ZHANG Zhen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 1-9.
• Abstract ( 1062 ) HTML ( 1507 ) PDF (360KB) ( 1507 ) 　　　
• In order to reveal the role of WRKY40 gene in response to diseases and environmental stresses，Malus hupehensis（Pamp）Rehd. was used for gene cloning by reverse transcription PCR amplification by using specific primers. Quantitative real-time PCR was used in analyzing gene expression in tissues and in response to stresses，including cold，high salinity，drought，PEG6000 and treatments of exogenous ABA（abscisic acid）and IAA（indole-3-acetic acid）. A 1 240 bp fragment Arabidopsis AtWRKY40，and it is named as MhWRKY40b. Its GenBank accession is JX112913. Gene expression indicated that MhWRKY40b expressed in root，stem，leaf and other tissues，especially high in calyx，petal and fruit. It was clearly induced by cold，high salinity，and drought with more than 20 folds increased expression at the highest level，and slightly induced by PEG osmotic stress，Podosphaera leucotricha，exogenous ABA，and IAA，with less than 10 folds increase at the highest level. MhWRKY40b may have similar function to AtWRKY40 in powdery mildew resistance，it may also have a role in cold，salinity and drought tolerance.
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• Changes of Endogenous Hormones of Precocious Crabapple During Development
• WU Man, ZHANG Wen-Hui, WANG Rong, DONG Yan, MAO Zhi-Quan, SHEN Xiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 10-20.
• Abstract ( 1345 ) HTML ( 1364 ) PDF (322KB) ( 1364 ) 　　　
• The content and the different dynamic of endogenous hormones in spur terminal buds，young leaves and fine roots during the bud differentiation of ornamental crabapple in different juvenile lengths has been measured by ELISA for probing how the ornamental crabapple flower bud differentiation is effected by endogenous hormones and for using the resources to shorten the juvenile lengths. The results demonstrated that the similar endogenous hormones contents and trend between the precocious plants and grafted mature plants. The IAA contents in the apical buds and roots decreased first and reached the minimum value in the early September during the process of flower bud differentiation. It was lower than the immature plants. The contents of IAA in the mature materials in leaves were higher than the immature one. The contents of GAs in apical buds increased first and then decreased to the minimum value in the early August. It was down to the lowest in the mature and also in the immature materials in the September. The contents of GAs in leaves of mature materials stayed at a low level in most of the time. The contents of GAs in the root were contrary to it was in the apical buds. The contents of endogenous hormones were higher and showed the highest range ability in mature materials than in precocious one. The ABA contents in buds of the mature materials were fluctuated in 160–170 ng · g^-1FW and immature individuals were always less than 160 ng · g^-1FW. The similar trend of ABA contents was showed in leaves and roots，increased first and then decreased gradually and reached the minimum level in the early September finally. The opposite results were discovered in roots. Mature varieties have a high ratio of ABA/GAs and ZR/GAs than more immature variety in buds and leaves，and contrast in the root.
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• Genetic Transformation and Expressing of Astaxanthin Biosynthesis Genes bkt into‘Brookfield Gala’Apple Tree
• JIA Dong-Jie, FAN Lian-Mei, SHEN Jun-Ling, QIN Song, LI Fu-Chao, LIU Cheng-Lian, YUAN Yong-Bing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 21-31.
• Abstract ( 1102 ) HTML ( 1719 ) PDF (731KB) ( 1719 ) 　　　
• Astaxanthin is a kind of red and ketonic carotenoids which is reported to have stronger antioxidant activity against photooxidation. The present study focused on transfering β-carotene ketolase gene bkt which is the key enzyme gene of astaxanthin biosynthesis into‘Brookfield Gala’，by constructing plant expression vector pCAMBIA1301-bkt with binary gene through Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The results showed that‘Brookfield Gala’plants were sensitive to Hyg and the optimal Hyg concentration for selected-stress was 3 mg • L^-1 for leaf regeneration and 4 mg • L^-1 for proliferating shoot culture and 2 mg • L^-1 for rooting. The effect of cefotaxime（Cef）on the average regeneration bud number from the leaves was not obvious when the Cef concentration was not exceeding 400 mg • L^-1. Histochemistry GUS assay，PCR amplification and the results of PCR-Southern blotting analysis confirmed that bkt gene has been integrated into the genome of‘Brookfield Gala’and RT-PCR revealed that the bkt gene was expressed in the eight transgenic plants with pink color in phenotype. The carotenoid of transgenic plants was analysed by HPLC and results showed that novel ketocarotenoids were synthesized with accumulation of astaxanthin in the leaf up to 2.85 μg · g^-1 and canthaxanthin up to 1.79 μg · g^-1 leaf fresh weight respectively. The study is expected to change‘Brookfield Gala’apples with astaxanthin content to have stronger antioxidant ability against sunburn by regulating metabolic pathways.
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• Cloning and Expression Characteristics of a Novel Dehydrin Gene from Hazelnut（Corylus heterophylla Fisch.）
• CHEN Xin, LIANG Li-Song, MA Qing-Hua, ZHAO Tian-Tian, LIU Qing-Zhong, WANG Gui-Xi
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 32-40.
• Abstract ( 1067 ) HTML ( 1333 ) PDF (525KB) ( 1333 ) 　　　
• A cDNA encoding the dehydrin-like gene homologue was isolated from hazelnut（Corylus heterophylla Fisch.）by RACE-PCR and designated ChDHN（GenBank accession No. HM228389）. Sequence analysis showed that cDNA of ChDHN was 639 bp long and contained a single open reading frame. The predicted ChDHN protein has 167 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 18.03 kD and an isoelectric point of 7.28，qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of ChDHN was induced by low temperature and peaked at 24 h after exposed to low temperatures of 4 ℃. The transcripts of ChDHN appeared in many hazelnut tissues including male inflorescence，bark，flower bud and seeds，but mostly accumulated in seeds. the prokaryotic expression plasmid of pET-32a(+)-DHN was sequenced，digested by restricted endonuclease enzyme of SacⅠand EcoRⅠ simultaneously，meanwhile induce it to be expressed in E. coli BL21 by IPTG，SDS-PAGE analysis and Western blot results showed that the recombinant plasmid pET-32a(+)-His-DHN could be expressed a 4 kD larger molecule mass than predicted molecule mass of fusion protein.
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• Effects of Salicylic Acid on the Expression of SOD，PPO Isozymes and NPR1 in Pear
• GAO Li-Juan, ZHANG Yu-Xing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 41-48.
• Abstract ( 1218 ) HTML ( 1670 ) PDF (389KB) ( 1670 ) 　　　
• The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of exogenous salicylic acid（SA）on superoxide dismutase（SOD）and polyphenol oxidases（PPO）isozymes changes and endogenous SA content in pear（Pyrus bretschneideri‘Yali’）leaves and to examine the response of NPR1 gene expression to SA treatment. The results showed that SA at 0.200 mmol · L^-1 increased content of total SA was increased in pear leaves. SA treatment increased the content of free states SA with the increase of SA concentration gradually，and the contents were significantly lower than that of control. The content of binding states SA was reduced with the increase of SA concentration gradually，but all treatments were significantly higher than that of control. The isozymes analysis results showed that expression of SOD and PPO isozymes were enhanced，but not new enzymes bands were detected in pear leaves. The experiment of pathogen inoculation suggested that SA at 0.200 mmol · L^-1 could induce the resistance of pear leaves to Physalospora piricola Nose significantly. SA treatment enhanced the activities of SOD and PPO，and the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis indicated that expression of NPR1 gene were enhanced in pear leaves while was inhibited in stem.
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• Effects of Pretharvest Methyl Jasmonate Spraying on Disease Resistance and Postharvest Quality of Mango Fruits
• GONG De-Qiang, GU Hui, ZHANG Lu-Bin, HONG Ke-Qian, ZHU Shi-Jiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 49-57.
• Abstract ( 1530 ) HTML ( 1520 ) PDF (321KB) ( 1520 ) 　　　
• The effects of pretharvest methyl jasmonate（MeJA）spraying on disease resistance and postharvest quality of mango（Mangifera indica L.‘Tainong 1’）fruits as well as the related mechanism were investigated. The results indicated that，compared with the control fruits，50 μmol · L^-1 MeJA treatment significantly reduced the disease incidence of mango fruits at harvest，the disease index of non-inoculated mango fruits and the lesion diameter of mango fruits inoculated with C. gloeosporioides during storage. Moreover，preharvest MeJA treatment was effective in maintaining fruit qualities，as it increased vitamin C content，delayed the increase of soluble sugar and decrease of titrable acidity in mango fruit pulp during storage. Meanwhile，preharvest application of MeJA enhanced the activities of defense enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase（PAL），peroxidase（POD），polyphenol oxidase（PPO）and β-1,3-glucanase（GLU）in the fruits during storage. In addition，the level of hydrogen peroxide（H₂O₂）was activated by the MeJA treatment during the early stage of storage. However，the contents of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde（MDA）in the fruit were inhibited during the late stage of storage. These results indicated that the effects of pretharvest MeJA treatment on inducing disease-resistance and maintaining postharvest quality of mango fruits may involve the activation of the disease-related defense system and reduced membrane-lipid peroxidation.
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Vegetables

• Identification and Characterization of CsIPT Genes in Cucumber
• ZHANG Ting-Lin, LI Ji, CUI Li, SU Peng, XU Jian, CHEN Jin-Feng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 58-68.
• Abstract ( 1503 ) HTML ( 1561 ) PDF (627KB) ( 1561 ) 　　　
• To identify IPT family genes in cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）and investigate the relationship between cucumber fruit development and CsIPT，parthenocarpic line‘EC1’and non-parthenocarpic line‘8419s-1’were used for real-time RT-PCR analyses. Based on the expression patterns of CsIPT in different organs，functional genes involved in fruit development were identified and further analyzed by their expression patterns during fruit development. The results indicated that similarity of eight CsIPT genes were in the range of 17.3%–33.2%，length of amino acids were 280–504 AA. CsIPTs had a common ATP/GTP binding domain of the[(A,G)-X₄-G-K-(S,T)]. CsIPT4 contained putative a zinc finger-like motif（C-X₂-C-X_12,18-H-X₅-H）. CsIPT3，CsIPT5，CsIPT7 and CsIPT8 had higher expression in the early cucumber fruit. In the undeveloped fruit CsIPT1，CsIPT3，CsIPT4 and CsIPT5 showed an significant increasing trend. CsIPT2 and CsIPT8 were related to fruit development after pollination，at the same time the expression of CsIPT2 was higher in the early fruit development of‘EC1’. Therefore，it was speculated that CsIPT2 may participated in the regulation of fruit development in cucumber parthenocarpic line.
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• Differential Proteomic Analysis of Brassica oleracea Stigma and Pollen Proteins During the Early Stage of Compatible Pollination
• CHEN Song, ZENG Jing, GAO Qi-Guo, ZHU Li-Quan, LIU Yu-Dong, REN Xue-Song, WANG Xiao-Jia
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 69-78.
• Abstract ( 1242 ) HTML ( 1936 ) PDF (842KB) ( 1936 ) 　　　
• In order to study the early pollen-stigma interaction in Brassica oleracea through proteomics analysis，inbred line A₄ was pollinated with inbred line K₁₀₁. Total stigma/pollen proteins were extracted by TCA/acetone at 3–5 min，1 h and 2 h after pollination，respectively. Total proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analyzed through MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS mass spectrometry. 116 proteins were differentially expressed contrasted the total stigma/pollen proteins of 1 h and 3–5 min after pollination，but only 7 proteins expressed differentially contrasted the total stigma/pollen proteins of 1 h and 2 h after pollination. 71 protein spots were analyzed through MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS mass spectrometry，and 31 proteins were identified homologous to known proteins by MASCOT analysis. Compared with total stigma/ pollen proteins of 3–5 min after pollination，19 of 31 identified proteins were specifically expressed 1 h after pollination，9 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated ones. The predicted functions of the 31 protein were related to pollen tube development，Ca²⁺ binding，biosynthetic process，ransmembrane transport，defense response，protein folding，carbohydrate and energy metabolism，regulation of translation and methylation. This study has documented the dynamics of protein expression during the early pollen-stigma interaction in Brassica oleracea and provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms involved in these processes.
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• cDNA Cloning and mRNA Expression of Photomorphogenic Negative Regulator COP1 in‘Tsuda’Turnip（Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapifera）
• SUN Mei, ZHOU Bo, WANG Yu, LIU Ming-Xue, AN Chun-Peng, LI Yu-Hua
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 79-88.
• Abstract ( 1013 ) HTML ( 1501 ) PDF (477KB) ( 1501 ) 　　　
• The COP1 gene（BrCOP1，accession number JF738111）was isolated from total RNA of Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapifera‘Tsuda’by RT-PCR and RACE. BrCOP1 cDNA contained an opening reading frame of 2 034 bp，encoding a predicted protein of 677 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of BrCOP1 shared 94% identity with Arabidopsis thaliana COP1. Northern blotting results demonstrated that expression of BrCOP1 exhibited no tissue specificity，and had no obvious difference in seedlings under various treatments but was induced by UV-A light，while the expression of BrCOP1 was induced after exposed to UV-A for 6 hours in the swollen hypocotyls，however expression level was not increased with the prolongation of time. The above results suggested that BrCOP1，as a key factor of light-dependent development，might play a crucial role in UV-A induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and light signal transduction.
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• Identification and Biological Characteristics of Muskmelon Fruit Rot Pathogen in Liaoning Province
• LIU Zhi-Heng, HOU Yue, HU Ji-Xiang, TENG Xiao-Fei, HUANG Xin-Yang, WANG Shi-Wei, ZHAO Ting-Chang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 89-97.
• Abstract ( 1432 ) HTML ( 1580 ) PDF (555KB) ( 1580 ) 　　　
• Muskmelon fruit rot caused by Rhizoctonia sp. is a new disease first found in Liaoning Province in recent years. The disease appears more serious on greenhouse muskmelon. The casual agent was identified as AG-4 HGI of Rhizoctonia solani by the studies of the morphology，pathogenicity，anastomosis groups and ribosomal DNA-ITS. The biological characteristics of the results showed that the best mycelium growth was obtained at 28 ℃ and pH 6.0–8.0；The melon juice culture medium was most conducive to mycelium growth in the 10 tested media，The optimum one was soluble starch in the 9 tested carbon sources，the optimum nitrogen source was peptone. The effect of light on the mycelial growth was not evident. The ideal sclerotium generation was at 25 ℃，pH 7.0，in darkness and with Czapek culture medium. The beneficial carbon source for the formation of sclerotia was Sorbitol；The beneficial nitrogen source for the formation of sclerotia was KNO₃. Sclerotium germination was well with carrot juice culture medium；In the 9 tested carbon sources and 10 tested nitrogen sources，sclerotium germination was in favor of malt sugar and peptone；The optimum temperature for sclerotium germination was 25 ℃；The optimum pH is 5.0–8.0；Dark conditions was benefit for sclerotium germination. The mycelial lethal temperature was at 50 ℃ for 10 min. The lethal temperature for sclerotium was at 53 ℃ for 10 min.
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Ornamental Plants

• Cloning and Analysis of Reverse Trancriptase of Ty3-gypsy-like Retrotransposons in Tree Peony（Paeonia）
• HOU Xiao-Gai, GUO Da-Long, HUANG Yan-Mei, ZHANG Xi
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 98-106.
• Abstract ( 1202 ) HTML ( 2024 ) PDF (309KB) ( 2024 ) 　　　
• Using degenerate oligoncleotide primers corresponding to conserved domains of the Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon reverse transcriptase，a fragment of 430 bp was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of tree peony（Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews‘Luoyang Hong’）and Paeonia qiui. The amplicons were recovered and cloned into pMD-18T vector after purification，positive clones were selected and identified by colony PCR，then sequenced and analyzed. Thirteen different sequences of reverse transcriptase from tree peony‘Luoyang Hong’and Paeonia qiui were obtained and six clusters were identified with high heterogeneity through phylogenic analysis after alignment analyses of their nucleotide sequences. These sequences showed high heterogeneity，mainly characterized by deletion mutations. The length of the nucleotide sequences varied from 412 to 446 bp，and homology ranged from 71.5% to 94.8%. When translated into amino acids，twelve sequences presented stop codon mutation，and three sequences presented frameshift mutation. A phylogenic tree was constructed based on the amino acid sequences from other species，indicating that horizontal transmission of retrotransposon has occurred among the plants in the past.
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• Floral Colors of Phalaenopsis Type Dendrobium and Their Flavonoid Composition
• LI Chong-Hui, REN Yu, HUANG Su-Rong, HUANG Shao-Hua, YANG Guang-Sui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 107-116.
• Abstract ( 1363 ) HTML ( 2772 ) PDF (333KB) ( 2772 ) 　　　
• The floral colors of commercial Phalaenopsis type dendrobium cultivars with different colors were measured by a spectrophotometer，the flavonoid composition in the flowers were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry，then，the relationship between the floral color parameters and the flavonoid contents were discussed. The results showed that the floral colors of commercial Phalaenopsis type dendrobium cultivars mainly distributed in purple and pink region，and the color of labellum was darker than that of petal and sepal. Linear relationships between floral color parameters and flavonoid contents were discovered. The anthocyanins were the major factors affected the floral colors of Phalaenopsis type dendrobium cultivars：The total anthocyanin contents negatively correlated with lightness L^*，chromatic component b^* and hue angle h，however，positively correlated with chromatic component a^*. Furthermore，there were 28 anthocyanins（all were acylated cyanidin-3,7,3′-triglucoside）and 19 flavonol glycosides（the aglycones were quercetin，kaempferol，and isorhamnetin）were tentatively identified，based on that，the metabolic pathway of flavonoids in Phalaenopsis type dendrobium flowers were speculated. The study also provided suggestion for the floral color breeding of Phalaenopsis type dendrobium cultivars.
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Research Notes

• Effects of Shading and Girdling on Shoot Growth and Photosynthesis in Litchi
• MO Wei-Ping, ZHOU Lin-Yao, ZHANG Jing-Yi, HUANG Jun-Bo, BEI Xue-Wen, FU Xin-Yu, WANG Hui-Cong, HUANG Xu-Ming
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 117-124.
• Abstract ( 1315 ) HTML ( 1587 ) PDF (288KB) ( 1587 ) 　　　
• In this study，adaptability of litchi to shading as well as the interaction effects of girdling and shading were examined using 12-year-old‘Heiye’litchi（Litchi chinensis Sonn.‘Heiye’）trees. Within the same tree，shoots were treated with girdling，shading and their combination with ungirdled and exposed shoots as the control. Shoot length，leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at determined dates after the treatments. The results showed that the shoot growth and leaf photosynthesis were significantly inhibited by both shading and girdling treatments，while the mechanisms of photosynthesis inhibition of these two treatments seemed different. Girdling treatment significantly lowered leaf chlorophyll content as well as photosynthetic rate with the occurrence of chronic photoinhibition，an indicator of photosystemⅡ（PSⅡ）damage. In shading treatment，F_v/F_m maintained normal but shaded leaves had a lower photosynthetic rate measured even with the same artificial light compared with the control. The reduction of photosynthesis was therefore chiefly due to the impairment of dark reaction. Interestingly，shading significantly alleviated damage on light reaction system caused by girdling.
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• Establishment of Peach Primary Core Collection Based on Accessions Conserved in National Fruit Germplasm Repository of Nanjing
• SHEN Zhi-Jun, MA Rui-Juan, YU Ming-Liang, CAI Zhi-Xiang, XU Jian-Lan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 125-134.
• Abstract ( 976 ) HTML ( 1456 ) PDF (274KB) ( 1456 ) 　　　
• Peach accessions conserved in National Fruit Germplasm Repository of Nanjing were used for establishing primary core collection. Three sampling strategies，classification，stepwise cluster and random，were compared using 630 accessions and 60 descriptors. The sampling scale was also tested with considering the sampling strategies. Stepwise cluster was found to be more suitable for peach than sampled by classification or random. By multiple comparisons，15% sampling ratio was shown to be the best after stepwise cluster. Differences were found among sixteen cluster models and among sampling methods after cluster. Clustered by Euclidean-Ward model and selecting accession with higher value of average degree of deviation was chosen as the best method. A primary core collection of 99 accessions with sampling ratio of 15.7% was established based on the optimal method and by adding absent phenotypes to obtain 100% ratio of phenotype retained（RPR）. The core collection was detected to be well represent the primal collection using Shannon-Wavear index（SI），variance of phenotype value（VPV），coefficient of variance（CV），as well as，detected by coincidence of mean and range for quantity traits.
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• Statistical and Comparative Analysis of Vegetable Genome Size
• CHENG Jiao-Wen, WU Zhi-Ming, CUI Jun-Jie, LI Wei-Peng, TAN Shu, HU Kai-Lin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 135-144.
• Abstract ( 1061 ) HTML ( 1587 ) PDF (229KB) ( 1587 ) 　　　
• The amount of DNA in an unreplicated gametic chromosome complement is known as the genome size，namely the DNA 1C-value. Information about genome size is of great importance as fundamental reference for research on comparative genomics and genome evolution. To gain a clear understanding on the variation of vegetable genome size，we collected data on genome size from the main vegetables first. Statistical and comparative analysis suggested that flow cytometry（FC）is the best method for genome size estimation；Lotus root（Nelumbo nucifera）has the smallest genome size（0.24 pg）in vegetables while the biggest is natural tetraploid Allium chinense（32.75 pg）；The family with the highest average genome size is Amaryllidaceae（19.08 pg）and the two families with the lowest（both are 0.78 pg）are Brassicaceae and Cucurbitaceae；The vegetable genome size is significantly higher in perennials than that of non-perennials，and the same in monocots than that of dicots.
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• Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Plasma Membrane Aquaporin Gene GhPIP1;1 in Cut Gladiolus Flowers
• LIN Yan-Fei, LI Hong-Mei, DING Yue-Lian, HUANG Xin-Min, XIAN Xi-Jin, HE Sheng-Gen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 145-154.
• Abstract ( 966 ) HTML ( 1778 ) PDF (589KB) ( 1778 ) 　　　
• A plasma membrane intrinsic proteins（PIPs）gene，designated GhPIP1;1，was cloned from petals on gladiolus（Gladiolus hybridus‘Eerde’）flowers by RT-PCR and RACE. The full cDNA sequence of GhPIP1;1 is 1 130 bp，containing an open reading frame（867 bp）and encoding a protein of 288 amino acids. The GhPIP1;1 genomic DNA（2 098 bp）was also cloned，which contains 4 exons and 3 introns in its coding sequence. Two highly conserved NPA（Asn-Pro-Ala）motifs of aquaporins were found in GhPIP1;1. Homology of amino acids sequences between GhPIP1;1 and PIP1 from Iris hollandica was up to 94%. The semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that GhPIP1;1 gene was expressed in petals，stamina，pistils，stems，bracts，and leaves on gladiolus flowering stems，and the expression level was the highest in petals，and the lowest in leaves. Then after further expression analysis of GhPIP1;1 gene in petals of gladiolus florets during opening process，it was found that it maintained high and relatively stable levels from bud stage to flower full opening，however it was obviously down-regulated during the subsequent flower wilting.
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• Spore Culture and Propagation of Platycerium wallichii
• GUO Jian, LIU Ting-Ting, MENG Xian-Li, LIU Bao-Dong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 155-162.
• Abstract ( 1365 ) HTML ( 4297 ) PDF (455KB) ( 4297 ) 　　　
• The large ornamental plant，Platycerium wallichii Hook.，was investigated with both axenic cultivation and soil medium to study its spore culture and rejuvenation. The results indicated that the optimal temperature of spore germination are about 20–30 ℃. Spores did not germinate in dark conditions，and the optimum light intensity for growth are 60–80 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1. The successful development of gametophyte was achieved with the pH 4.5 to 7.5. It is more suitable for spore germination and prothallus to formation with 2% or lower sucrose. When the young sporophytes reach 2–3 cm length，it can be transplanted. The young sporophyte can be cultivateded in the mixed medium composed of leaf mould substrate，sand and organic fertilizer. Young sporophyte shows somewhat ornamental values when it has 10 cm height.
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• Response of Endogenous Jasmonates and Sesquiterpenes to Mechanical Wound in Aquilaria sinensis Stem
• ZHANG Zheng, YANG Yun, WEI Jian-He, MENG Hui, WANG Meng-Xi, HAN Xiao-Min, SUI Chun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 163-168.
• Abstract ( 895 ) HTML ( 2233 ) PDF (235KB) ( 2233 ) 　　　
• To confirm the function of jasmonates（Jas）in induction of sesquiterpenes，three-year-old Aquilaria sinensis（Lour.）Gilg saplings were used as materials in treatments of mechanical injury and exogenous MeJA. The contents of endogenous JAs and sesquiterpenes were detected by GC–MS，separately. The results showed that after 1 h wound treatment endogenous JAs content increased significantly，then decreased rapidly；after 24 h the contents of JAs have a slight elevation. Endogenous JAs content increased rapidly and reached a maximum at 1h，and then decreased rapidly. A second slight increase in JAs level was observed at 24 h after wound treatment. Wound induced the production of three sesquiterpenes（δ-guaiene，α-guaiene and α-humulene），and the contents increased with the time prolonged. Similarly，exogenous MeJA application also induced the production of three same sesquiterpenes，while the inducement intensity of MeJA was better than wound. It is thus suggested that JAs burst in the early-stage and sesquiterpenes biosynthesis in late-stage response to wound may constitute an important mechanism by which plant starts the related defense reaction and adapts to wound stress.
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Technologies and Methods

• Development and Application of Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR for Detection of Pseudomonas tolaasii
• XU Yan-Yan, CHEN Lu, LI Jin-Ping, XIE Xue-Wen, SHI Yan-Xia, LI Bao-Ju
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 169-178.
• Abstract ( 1304 ) HTML ( 1654 ) PDF (493KB) ( 1654 ) 　　　
• Brown blotch disease caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii is an important mushroom disease. It can cause serious yield and quality loss. Early detection and monitoring of the pathogen is crucial step for disease control. A real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR by using specificity primer（Pt-1A）/（Pt-1D1）and enrichment method was developed to detect the bacterial pathogens of P. tolaasii. The method was uesd to analyze the bacterial population dynamic change of P. tolaasii on the Pleurotus ostreatus sporocarp surface. Our results showed that the detection range of this was from 10² to 10⁹ cfu ? mL^-1，and the sensitivity with enrichment step can reach about 100-fold higher than that without enrichment step. We conclude that the real-time quantitative PCR with the enrichment method can be used to detect P. tolaasii at the early stage of infection，and can provide technical support for the mushroom bacterial epidemic surveillance and early prevention of the disease.
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New Cultivars

• A New Early-maturing and Thin Shell Walnut Cultivar ‘Shuangzao’
• XIAO Qian-Wen, XIAO Qian-Gang, ZHOU Lan-Ying, PU Guang-Lan, WU Kai-Zhi, HU Ting-Xing, ZHANG Shang-Jie, JIN Yin-Chun, LI Sen, SHI Li-Hui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 179-180.
• Abstract ( 1075 ) HTML ( 861 ) PDF (165KB) ( 861 ) 　　　
• ‘Shuangzao’is a new walnut variety derived from the cross‘Yunxin 7926’בXiazao’. The average fruit weight reaches 11.3 g. The shell thickness is 0.69 mm，and kernel percentage is 55.4%. The total fat content is 68.84%，and total protein content is 20.74%. The production of its 4-year-old crown projection area was 465 g · m^-2，and the phenomenon of‘big and small year’wasn’t obvious.
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• A New Fresh-eating Cultivar of Chinese Dwarf Cherry（Cerasus humilis Bunge）‘Nongda 7’
• WANG Peng-Fei, CAO Qin, DU Jun-Jie, ZHANG Jian-Cheng, MU Xiao-Peng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 181-182.
• Abstract ( 1199 ) HTML ( 1122 ) PDF (163KB) ( 1122 ) 　　　
• ‘Nongda 7’is a new variety selected from seedlings of Chinese dwarf cherry（Cerasus humilis Bunge）. The fruit is flat round with an orange background and a flush on the sunny side. The flesh color is light yellow and the flesh is freestone. The average fruit weight is 14.3 g with a 94.4% edible ratio，average soluble solids content 14.57%，total sugar content 7.69%. Titratable acidity 1.28%，sugar acid ratio 6.22，vitamin C 506.9 mg · kg^-1，total amino acid 5.45 g · kg^-1. The fruit is beautiful，fragrant，sweet and sour and the yield is high. Fruits ripen in late August in Jinzhong（Shanxi Province）. It is a cultivar that specially used for fresh-eating.
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• A New Apple Semi-dwarfing Rootstock Cultivar‘Qing Ai 2’
• JIANG Lin, SHAO Yong-Chun, ZHANG Cui-Ling, YIN Tao, YU Fu-Shun, WANG Zheng-Xin, WANG Bao-Chang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 183-185.
• Abstract ( 951 ) HTML ( 1289 ) PDF (266KB) ( 1289 ) 　　　
• ‘Qing Ai 2’is a new apple semi-dwarfing rootstock selected from the M₉ seedlings. Not only its crown but also its growth is medium. The internode is 2.3 cm long .The survival rate grafing on the rootstock（Pingyi Tiancha）is 88.2%，while that on the cultivar is 100%. The growth of the 3-years-old dwarfing interstock is 278 cm，while the nursery rate is 88.2%. Grafting on the interstock，The ratio of the trunk of the rootstock/interstock is 1.18，while that of the cultivar/the interstock is 0.81. The grafting union is not swelling，without air root，which shows it has high grafting affinity. Grafing on the interstock in high yield year，The Fuji tree has a 3.80 m height and a 3.63 m crown diameter. It belongs to a semi-dwarfing rootstock which is similar to M₇. 26.7% of the Fuji grafting on the interstock begin to produce at 2 years old. The average yield of the tree of 7–14 years old is 43 140 kg · hm^-2. The soluble solids content of the Fuji is 14.3%，the hardness is 8.1 kg · cm^-2，and the fruit index is 0.85，which is suitable for the application in the main dwaring apple production area such as Shandong，Shaanxi，Shanxi，Henan and Hebei.
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• A New Yellow Linear Hot Pepper Cultivar‘Qingxianjiao 2’
• SHAO Deng-Kui, HOU Quan-Gang, LI Li, LI Jiang, ZHAO Zun-Lian, ZHANG Guang-Nan, LI Quan-Hui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 186-188.
• Abstract ( 1874 ) HTML ( 1088 ) PDF (298KB) ( 1088 ) 　　　
• The new cultivar‘Qingxianjiao 2’was yellow，wrinkled line pepper，which was selected and bred from natural variation materials of‘Xunhua’line peppers. It has good characters including linear shaped and centered fruits. The ripe fruits showed bright orange and yellow in color，and wrinkled and hooked in shape on the tip. The average length，width and dry weight of fruits were 19.30 cm，1.05 cm and 8.10 g respectively. The yield of dry hot pepper is up to 4 800 kg · hm^-2. It was a kind of early maturing cultivar and also has good flavor and strong resistance to drought，barren and cold condition. It is suitable for planting in open field in Qinghai Province of China.
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• A Early Maturing Sweet Pepper Cultivar‘Jiyan 15’
• FAN Yan-Qin, YAN Li-Bin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 189-190.
• Abstract ( 956 ) HTML ( 801 ) PDF (154KB) ( 801 ) 　　　
• ‘Jiyan 15’is a hybrid of sweet pepper selected from the crossing the genic male sterile line AB91-W22-986 with inbred line GF8-1-1-5. The cultivar has an early maturity and healthy growth. It is resistant to virus disease，anthrax，phytophthora blight and bacterial wilt. It has large fruit size and good quality. The fruit is lantern-like with green，and is 10–11 cm in length，8–9 cm in width，and 0.5 cm in flesh thickness. The fruit weights is 200 g. The variety is suitable for protected field production. The yield is about 52 500 kg · hm^-2.
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• A New Spring Chinese Cabbage Hybrid‘Jinchun 2’
• LI Gai-Zhen, WU Dong-Tang, ZHAO Jun-Liang, WANG Xiu-Ying, ZHAO Jun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 191-192.
• Abstract ( 1019 ) HTML ( 1185 ) PDF (198KB) ( 1185 ) 　　　
• ‘Jinchun 2’is a new hybrid of early-mid maturity spring Chinese cabbage，with a growth period of 70–75 days. Compactly closed，its head is medium-sized and shell-shaped. It has a good taste and a good marketability. The average plant weight is 2.0–2.5 kg，the average yield is 72 000–78 000 kg · hm^-2. Due to its resistance to viral diseases，downy mildew and soft rot disease，it can be planted in central and southern Shanxi province and the same ecological types of area.
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• A New Bolting Tolerance Pak-choi Hybrid‘Chunjia’
• XU Hai, SONG Bo, CHEN Long-Zheng, YUAN Xi-Han
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 193-194.
• Abstract ( 1040 ) HTML ( 800 ) PDF (179KB) ( 800 ) 　　　
• ‘Chunjia’is a new bolting tolerance pak-choi hybrid which developed by crossing‘Ailü C’with‘Siyueman 22-5’. It has high yield，wide adaptability，strong resistance to bolting and general diseases. Its outward appearance，flavor and quality were improved significantly.
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• A New Doritaenopsis Cultivar‘Peach’
• Lv Fu-Bing , CHEN He-Ming, ZHU Gen-Fa, CAO Jun-Xi, YOU Yi, LI Zuo, LI Dong-Mei, XIAO Wen-Fang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 195-196.
• Abstract ( 991 ) HTML ( 982 ) PDF (180KB) ( 982 ) 　　　
• ‘Peach’is a new cultivar of Doritaenopsis with light purple color，big flower type which is derived from the crossing Doritaenopsis Taisuco Firebird and Doritaenopsis I-Hsin New Girl. There are 7–8 flowers in main inflorescence and 8–13 flowers on the whole which have round and good arrangement，the flower diameter is 10.0–10.6 cm. Under natural conditions，flower buds form and peduncles grow in October and November. First flowering is in mid January and blooming is in February and March.
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• A New Lilium Oriental Cultivar‘Luona’
• LUO Zhi-Yong, Wu-Long-Yun, CHENG Jian-Qiang, MAO Sha-Sha, HUANG Li-Ping, FAN Fen-Fang, LING Wen-Bin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 197-198.
• Abstract ( 1033 ) HTML ( 1182 ) PDF (135KB) ( 1182 ) 　　　
• A new Lilium oriental cultivar‘Luona’which is selected from the cross Lilium‘Cai74’× Lilium‘Sorbone’. The new variety is stable，and the flower major color is white，the second color is red which is distributed on midribs. The stigma color is slightly green，the stem color is green with purple spots，which is distinguished with the parents. It has strong resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lilii，strong adaptability to cold，and easy propagation.
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• A New Virginia Creeper Cultivar‘Jiayin 1’
• JU Guan-Sheng, SUN Zhen-Yuan, HAN Lei, QIAN Yong-Qiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2013, 40(1): 199-200.
• Abstract ( 1210 ) HTML ( 942 ) PDF (200KB) ( 942 ) 　　　
• The new virginia creeper cultivar‘Jiayin 1’was selected from Parthenocissus quinquefolia introduced from Canada. The cultivar grows fast and has strong binding and climbing ability with well developed dendrils and adventitious roots.‘Jiayin 1’has higher ornamental value with leaves which are deep green in summer and turn red in autumn. It also has strong drought-resistance and frozen-resistance，relative high tolerance for shading，so the cultivar could be used for many purpose.
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