Reviews

• Research Progress on the Relationship Between Sugar Transporters and Fruits Sugar Accumulation
• ZHU Lingcheng, SU Jing, PENG Yunjing, CAO Wenjing, MA Fengwang, MA Baiquan, LI Mingjun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2529-2542. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0488
• Abstract ( 651 ) HTML ( 615 ) PDF (1220KB) ( 615 ) 　　　

• In this review，recent studies on the relationship between fruit sugar accumulation and sugar transporters （mainly includes sucrose transporter SUT related to sucrose accumulation，hexose transporter STP related to hexose accumulation，tonoplast sugar transporter TST that is highly related to vacuolar sugar accumulation，early response to dehydration six like protein ERDL6 related to vacuolar glucose efflux，sugar transporter SWEET newly identified in plants in recent years，and sorbitol transporter SOT，which is unique to Rosaceae plants，etc）in horticultural crops were summarized，and discussed prospects for future research directions on sugar transporters and the molecular biology method for fruit quality improvement.

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• Research Advanced on Character of Sugar Accumulation and Mechanism of Sucrose Transport in Citrus Fruit
• WU Kongjie, HU Chengxiao, TAN Qiling, SUN Xuecheng, ZHAO Xiaohu, WU Songwei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2543-2558. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0662
• Abstract ( 861 ) HTML ( 516 ) PDF (2023KB) ( 516 ) 　　　

• Sugar is an important factor that determines fruit quality of citrus. Illustrating the characteristic and regulation mechanism of citrus fruit sugar metabolism and transport will greatly contribute to regulating sugar accumulation accurately. In this paper，the mechanisms underlying sugar accumulation were comprehensively reviewed，we also summarized the differences of fruit sugar accumulation in various citrus varieties，the characteristics of sugar accumulation with fruit development and the relationship between sugar and the related enzyme activities. Subsequently，a model of metabolic differences between sucrose accumulation type and hexose accumulation type was mapped in citrus. Moreover，the storage process of sucrose from leaf（source organ）to fruit（sink organ）was described systematically，including phloem loading，unloading，transport and sucrose storage in fruit vacuole. Finally，a model of sugar transport from source to sink was constructed in citrus.

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• Carotenoid Metabolism and Regulation in Plants
• LU Chenfei, GAO Yuexia, HUANG He, DAI Silan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2559-2578. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0531
• Abstract ( 879 ) HTML ( 684 ) PDF (2026KB) ( 684 ) 　　　

• This review briefly describes the carotenoid metabolic pathway and main flux-controlling steps for carotenoid accumulation in plants. It highlights our recent understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation at transcriptional，post-transcriptional，post-translational and epigenetic levels.

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• Research Progress of Citric Acid Metabolism in the Fruit
• ZHAO Yong, ZHU Hongju, YANG Dongdong, GONG Chengsheng, LIU Wenge
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2579-2596. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0709
• Abstract ( 506 ) HTML ( 536 ) PDF (1535KB) ( 536 ) 　　　

• Citric acid is one of the important organic acids in the Horticultural crop fruit. Citric acid significantly affects the taste and flavor of the fruit. This paper reviews the status and function of citric acid synthesis，transport，storage and utilization in the accumulation of fruit. This paper emphasized the influences of the proton transfer of proton pump in the tonoplast and the regulation of citric acid accumulation. In addition，it gives an overview to the status of transcription factors，environmental and climatic factors，cultivation management measures and postharvest treatments in the metabolism and accumulation of citric acid. Based on the comprehensive understanding of the metabolic mechanism of citric acid synthesis and accumulation，the accumulation of citric acid in the fruit can be finely regulated by gene editing，to obtain the fruit with more suitable sugar-to-acid ratio and better taste.

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• Recent Advances in Molecular Biology of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plants and the Application Potential of CAM Engineering
• LI Junzhang, QIN Yuan, XIAO Qiang, AN Chang, LIAO Jingyi, ZHENG Ping
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2597-2610. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0835
• Abstract ( 653 ) HTML ( 504 ) PDF (703KB) ( 504 ) 　　　

• Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthetic pathway is a kind of carbon concentrating mechanism that evolved from C3 photosynthesis and it is characterized by nocturnal CO₂ fixation and high water use efficiency. Currently，there are growing interests in improving WUE to enhance drought resistance by“transferring”CAM pathway into C₃ crops，also called‘CAM engineering’. CAM engineering has significant application potential in agriculture，while systematical investigations of CAM photosynthetic pathway / plants are a prerequisite to its progression. The wide applications of multi-omics and molecular biology methods have extensively promoted CAM plants related studies. CAM pathway-related key genes and their functions are being gradually revealed，and many CAM plant genomes have been published. Diverse mechanisms are involved in the regulation of the CAM pathway, including transcription factors，hormones，miRNA，lncRNA，alternative splicing，and DNA methylation This article mainly focuses on the latest progress of molecular biology and omics studies on CAM plants. In addtion，future research prospective and study interests are also discussed to guide further investigations on CAM plants.

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• Research Progress of Proton Pumps and Their Regulation in Organic Acid Accumulation in Horticultural Plants
• SHI Caiyun, LIU Li, WEI Zhifeng, GAO Dengtao, LIU Yongzhong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2611-2621. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0936
• Abstract ( 397 ) HTML ( 185 ) PDF (1107KB) ( 185 ) 　　　

• Proton pumps are types of important enzymes that promote proton（H⁺）transmembrane transport and cause potential difference between the membrane and participate in a variety of life processes. Organic acids are mainly stored in vacuoles and proton pump promotes proton transmembrane transport accompanied by energy release，which then provides power for the transmembrane transport and storage of organic acids in vacuoles. This paper focuses on the categories，structural characteristics and regulatory factors of proton pumps related to acid transport in horticultural plants，as well as the research status of different types of proton pumps in the regulation of organic acid accumulation，in order to provide reference for the research and regulation of proton pumps and organic acid accumulation in horticultural plants，and then provide a theoretical basis for regulating the quality of horticultural plants.

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• Advances in Identification of QTLs Associated with Significant Traits in Major Fruit Trees
• FANG Tian, LIU Jihong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2622-2640. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-1102
• Abstract ( 434 ) HTML ( 327 ) PDF (788KB) ( 327 ) 　　　

• The methods for QTL identification of important traits in fruit trees by genetic linkage map，BSA and GWAS are expounded and compared. The current review summarizes advancement on the identification of QTLs associated with important traits of fruit trees，including external appearance，internal quality，growth and development，resistance to biotic and abiotic stress，in recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide clues for understanding the QTL identification and breeding of fruit tree，and to discuss and propose the methods and strategies that can be used for QTL identification and mapping of important characters in fruit trees.

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• The Physiological and Biochemical Research Progress for the Changes of Fruit Crispy
• HUANG Yijin, HE Jiali, JIANG Lina, CAO Yanhong, QIN Sijun, LÜ Deguo
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2641-2658. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0875
• Abstract ( 328 ) HTML ( 273 ) PDF (1397KB) ( 273 ) 　　　

• Crispy loss is an important reason for reducing the fruit quality of horticultural crops and consumers’ desire to purchase. As a comprehensive concept that includes sound conduction，geometric characteristics and fracture characteristics，the fruit crispy is affected by the cell state，the mechanical strength of the cell wall and the turgor pressure. In-depth understanding of fruit crispy，clarifying crispy evaluation methods and the physiological and biochemical changes in the process of crispy change not only provide a theoretical basis for the production of high-quality fruit，but also provide an important guidance for increasing yield and income. This article summarizes the perceptual process and evaluation of fruit crispy，the factors affecting the crispy and the important progress in related physiological and biochemical metabolism.

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• Advances on Natural Deastringency Characteristics and Molecular Mechanism of Chinese PCNA Persimmon
• YANG Sichao, ZHANG Meng, ZHANG Qinglin, LUO Zhengrong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2659-2668. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0692
• Abstract ( 428 ) HTML ( 220 ) PDF (692KB) ( 220 ) 　　　

• The mechanism of natural deastringency in Chinese pollination constant & non-astringency persimmon（C-PCNA）is distinct from that in the Japanese pollination constant & non-astringency persimmon（J-PCNA）. This review summarizes recent progresses on the developmental characteristics of the tannin cells，tannin components and change patterns in C-PCNA persimmon fruits. Development of the tannin cells in C-PCNA fruits was similar to those of J-PCNA and non-PCNA. Moreover，we highlight recent research progresses for identifying key genes involved in natural deastringency in C-PCNA through mRNA-Seq and iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analyses. The significant findings help us to establish a model for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying natural deastringency in C-PCNA fruits and promoting breeding of novel C-PCNA cultivars.

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• Regulation of Chloroplast Development in Tomato Fruit and Its Application
• WANG Jin, WANG Xinyu, SHEN Yuanbo, ZHANG Qinghua, Lou Qianqi, ZHANG Shijie, ZHAO Pan, LIANG Yan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2669-2682. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0913
• Abstract ( 876 ) HTML ( 316 ) PDF (1649KB) ( 316 ) 　　　

• Fruit chloroplast quantity and function have a direct impact on fruit quality. Fruit chloroplasts function as assimilation organs before ripening，synthesizing amounts of assimilates for fruit development and quality-related metabolites synthesis，and transform into chromoplasts during ripening，storing nutrients and flavor substances synthesized by different metabolic pathways driven by photosynthesis in the early stage. As a result，increasing fruit quality by controlling chloroplast development has been a research emphasis，and significant progress has been made in the study of fruit chloroplast developmental regulation in tomatos an essential fruit vegetable and model plant. This manuscript reviewed the progress of tomato fruit chloroplast development regulation in terms of transcription factors，light signals，hormone signals，and oxidative stress signals，as well as the challenges and future research directions，to clarify the specific regulation mechanism of fruit chloroplast development and provide new ideas for fruit quality improvement of tomato and other crops.

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• Research Progress on Molecular Basis of Plant Architecture Related Traits in Cucumber
• SONG Mengfei, ZHA Gaohui, CHEN Jinfeng, LOU Qunfeng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2683-2702. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0674
• Abstract ( 439 ) HTML ( 236 ) PDF (3683KB) ( 236 ) 　　　

• This review focused on the recent research findings related to cucumber plant architecture involving genetic pattern，QTL mapping and gene cloning. The molecular were summarized basic research progress in seven aspects：plant height，determinate / indeterminate growth pattern，hypocotyl length，leaf shape，leaf size，lateral branch development ability，and tendril development. The existing related research gaps and shortcomings were analyzed，and a way forward for the development of the ideal plant architecture of cucumber was proposed. The key research directions highlighted in this review will provide a reference for the breeding of the ideal plant architecture of cucumber.

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• Research Progress on Winter Dormancy of Perennial Monocots
• XU Tong, SHAO Lingmei, WANG Xiaobin, ZHANG Runlong, ZHANG Kaijing, XIA Yiping, ZHANG Jiaping, LI Danqing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2703-2721. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-1064
• Abstract ( 300 ) HTML ( 146 ) PDF (3261KB) ( 146 ) 　　　

• Perennial monocots have special underground buds，ground buds，and underground organs. Their dormancy characteristics are obviously different from those of eudicots with aboveground buds. This review article summarized the regulation mechanisms of winter dormancy from environmental，hormonal and carbohydrate in monocots. The regulation mechanisms and research progress of winter dormancy in perennial monocots and eudicots were compared. Combined with the current research progress，suggestions for future directions on the study of winter dormancy regulation in perennial monocots were provided.

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• Advances in Genetic Resources and Breeding Research of Cymbidium
• XU Wan, LIN Yajun, ZHAO Zhuang, ZHOU Zhuang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2722-2742. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0943
• Abstract ( 558 ) HTML ( 289 ) PDF (825KB) ( 289 ) 　　　

• This paper reviews the achievements of Cymbidium germplasm resources，breeding and the molecular research of main ornamental traits. Germplasm resources are the basis for the breeding of Cymbidium. China is the distribution center of this genus with 57 species out of 83 species in the world，and have been formed a large number of traditional varieties which domesticated since 2 500 years ago. To date，the breeding method is still focused on traditional hybridization. There are more than 17 000 Cymbidium hybrids registered on RHS，and 43 new Cymbidium cultivars authorized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. More importantly，Genetic engineering breeding will be the key direction of Cymbidium breeding in the future. A batch of structural genes and transcription factors involved in the main ornamental traits have been unearthed through transcriptome and genome and some of them have been functionally verified，which layed the foundation for the transformation of Cymbidium from traditional breeding to molecular breeding.

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• Research Advances on Fresh-keeping Technologies of Orchid Cut Flowers and Potted Plants
• CHEN Hemin, LI Zuo, MA Nan, XIAO Wenfang, CHEN Heming, LÜ Fubing, Li Zongyan, ZHU Genfa
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2743-2760. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0488
• Abstract ( 829 ) HTML ( 260 ) PDF (1649KB) ( 260 ) 　　　

• Orchid senescence caused by the external factors，the metabolic changes of internal organization during the senescence process，and the molecular mechanism of ethylene synthesis and signal transduction pathway regulating orchid senescence were reviewed. The common commercially popular fresh-keeping treatment technologies for cut and potted orchids and their application effects after treatment，and the improvement of orchid senescence-related genes were summarized. Additionally，modern genetic engineering technologies to delay the orchids senescence process and prolong the ornamental time by regulating functional genes were prospected.

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New Cultivars

• A New Bitter Gourd Cultivar‘Lücui 1’
• ZHANG Hongmei, JIN Haijun, YU Jizhu, CUI Jiawei, HE Lizhong, DING Xiaotao
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2761-2762. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-1096
• Abstract ( 290 ) HTML ( 105 ) PDF (2292KB) ( 105 ) 　　　

• ‘Lücui 1’is a new bitter gourd hybrid derived from female inbred line K0703 and male inbred line K-3-2. The first female flower grows on the 5th-10th node of the main vine，the plant has strong branching and can bear bitter ground on the main and lateral vines. The fruit is spindle shaped，with alternating strips and pearl nodules. The skin is green. The fruit is 23.5-28.0 cm in length，6.0-7.3 cm in diameter and 1.0-1.5 cm in flesh thickness. A single melon weight is 350-400 g，the fruit setting rate is high，and the average yield is about 60 000-67 500 kg · hm^-2. It is suitable for planting in spring and autumn in Shanghai and surrounding areas.

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• A New Double-harvest Water Bamboo Cultivar‘Zhejiao 10’
• LI Yipeng, YANG Mengfei, ZHENG Zhaisheng, CHEN Keke, WANG Lingyun, SONG Ruiqi, ZHANG Shangfa
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2763-2764. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0135
• Abstract ( 1046 ) HTML ( 190 ) PDF (1202KB) ( 190 ) 　　　

• ‘Zhejiao 10’，a new late maturing double-harvest water bamboo cultivar developed by systematic selection from‘Suozijiao’mutants after 10 years，has a luxuriant growth. The harvest period of ‘Zhejiao 10’is about 13 days later than that of‘Suozijiao’in fall. Gross harvested weight of‘Zhejiao 10’in fall is 136.8 g per each，net weight is 90.6 g per each，and the average yield is 23 460 kg · hm^-2. The harvest period of‘Zhejiao 10’is about 6 days later than that of ‘Suozijiao’in summer. Gross harvested weight of‘Zhejiao 10’in summer is 151.8 g per each，net weight is 103.3 g per each，and the average yield is 40 020 kg · hm^-2. The succulent stem has 3-5 joints，and the bud is white. It has glossy surface，fine and tender quality. The cultivar was suitable for planted in Zhejiang Province.

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• A New Mid-maturing and Cold Resistant Peach Cultivar‘Zhongnong Hanxiangmi’
• WANG Xiaodi, WANG Haibo, WANG Yingying, SHI Xiangbin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2765-2766. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-1050
• Abstract ( 997 ) HTML ( 113 ) PDF (902KB) ( 113 ) 　　　

• ‘Zhongnong Hanxiangmi’is a new mid-maturing and cold resistant peach cultivar derived from the cross of‘Xiongyue Jutao’and‘Okubo’. It has moderate growth potential，and tree posture is open. The fruit is round，the top is a little prominent，freestone. The average fruit weight is about 134.0 g，and the maximum single fruit weight is 298.6 g. The soluble soilds content is 12.6%，and titratable acid content is 0.16%. It is precocious. The cultivar has high and stable yield，and the yield of the 4th year-old tree is 29 300 kg · hm^-2. It is tolerant to saline-alkaline，moderately resistant to gummosis and scab，strongly resistant to cold. It can not endure waterlogging.

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• A New Cymbidium Cultivar‘Shayang Cuidie’
• ZHOU Huiming, MO Zhilong, CHEN Changming, LIN Huifeng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2767-2768. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0776
• Abstract ( 350 ) HTML ( 147 ) PDF (970KB) ( 147 ) 　　　

• ‘Shayang Cuidie’is a new cultivar Cymbidium bred by crossing two strains of the female parent Cymbidium sinense‘Fugui’and the male parent C. goeringii‘Yu Hudie’. The scape is upright and exserted，with 4-8 flowers，38-45 cm in length. The flowers are fragrant and wonderful. The sepals and petals are lanceolate，yellowish green with longitudinal stripes. The inner layer of the flower also has three outer petals and three inner petals. The gynostemium is split to a triple stage flower. The initial flowering period is in early January，and the flowering period is 1-3 months. This cultivar is characterized by strong growth potential and resistance.

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• A New Waterlily Cultivar‘Huofenghuang’
• OU Kefang, SUN Hongbing, ZHAO Lekang, LIANG Yuting
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2022, 49(12): 2769-2770. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-1083
• Abstract ( 294 ) HTML ( 96 ) PDF (1051KB) ( 96 ) 　　　

• The new waterlily cultivar‘Huofenghuang’was bred by hybridization using‘Ultra Violet’as mother plant and‘Nangkwag Yellow’as father plant. It is a medium plant with semi-double petals of radial shaped flowers. It has polychromatic flowers with pink and golden color. The flower has 34-40 petals，11-13 cm in diameter，15-25 cm in emergence height above water and four sepals. The leaf is oval with marginal serrations. Its diameter is 24.5-27.0 cm × 23.5-27.0 cm. The leaves surfaces are bronze with some irregular dark-green patches.‘Huofenghuang’is a tropical waterlily，and it need to be preserved in the greenhouse in Wuhan.

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