Research Papers

• Photosynthetic Responses to Interaction of Light Intensity and CO2 Concentration and Photoinhibition Characteristics of Two Apple Canopy Shapes
• LIN Lu, LI Zhiqiang, YU Lu, WANG Hongning, and NIU Zimian,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2073-2085. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0062
• Abstract ( 772 ) HTML ( 962 ) PDF (869KB) ( 962 ) 　　　
• To explore the photosynthetic responses to interaction of light intensity and CO2 concentration and photoinhibition characteristics of different apple canopy shapes is important for guiding to reform the canopy-densed fruit trees in orchards. In the present study，32-year-old apples（Malus × domestica‘Nagafu 2’）of the traditional and dense Round and large canopy（control）and the reformed Open-central canopy based on Round and large canopy were compared carefully by measuring and analyzing the responses of leaf net photosynthetic rate（Pn）to photosynthetically active radiation（PAR）at different leaf surface CO2 concentration（Cs）and leaf Pn to intercellular CO2 concentration（Ci）under different PAR，and the changes of leaf Pn，leaf rate of photorespiration（Pr），reversible component r(qE) and irreversible component r(qI) in nonphotochemical quenching（NPQ）before（8：00–10：00），during（12：00–14：00）and after（16：00–18：00）photoinhibition. The results showed that leaf maximum Pn（Pnmax）increased by 151%（Open-central canopy）and 83.5%（Round and large canopy），and range of light intensity of photosynthesis（light saturation point minus light compensation point）increased by 45.8%（Open-central canopy）and 87.5%（Round and large canopy）of higher Cs（2 000 μmol • mol-1）than common Cs（400 μmol • mol-1）. Maximum carboxylation rate under Rubisco restriction（Vcmax），maximum electron transfer rate under saturated light（Jmax）and utilization rate of triose phosphate（Vtpu）increased with increasing PAR and reached the peak level at PAR of 1 500 μmol • m-2 • s-1，and then decreased slightly due to photoinhibition. Among the three limiting factors，Jmax was the most sensitive one to the changing PAR and the difference in Vtpu was the most significant between Open-central canopy and Round and large canopy. Leaf Pn and Pr of Open-central canopy were significantly higher than that of Round and large canopy，while NPQ of the two canopy shapes was not significant different in 8：00–10：00（before photoinhibition）. Leaf Pn was decreased remarkably，while leaf Pr and r(qE) were enhanced greatly with significantly higher Open-central canopy than Round and large canopy in 12：00–14：00（during photoinhibition）. In 16：00–18：00（after photoinhibition），leaf Pn of Open-central canopy recovered obviously（Pnmax increased by 42.6%）while Round and large canopy did not change significantly. Excitation energy dissipation transferred from photorespiration to thermal dissipation and leaf Pr decreased in Open-central canopy. However，in Round and large canopy，photorespiration was still the mainly way of energy dissipation and leaf Pr increased. In summarize，there was a clear positive interaction to leaf photosynthesis between the increased Cs and enhanced PAR（not beyond saturation point）. Comparing to Round and large canopy，Open-central canopy had significantly improved leaf photosynthetic capacity，more effective photoprotective mechanism by enhancing photorespiration and thermal dissipation during photoinhibition，and obviously recovered leaf net photosynthetic rate after photoinhibition.
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• Effects of 2,4-D on Keeping Citrus Fruit Fresh on Tree and the Underlying Mechanisms
• ZHU Jian, LIU Benyong, LI Shuju, BAI Zhilan, LIU Cong, DENG Xiaodong, ZHANG Yu, XIE Zongzhou, and LIU Jihong,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2086-2094. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0092
• Abstract ( 619 ) HTML ( 505 ) PDF (5119KB) ( 505 ) 　　　
• In the present study，effects and underlying mechanisms of 2,4-D，applied at different concentrations and at various time points，on fruit dropping rate and fruit quality of Jincheng（Citrus sinensis Osbeck）were investigated. The results showed that exogenous application of 2,4-D at 20 mg • L-1 and at 200 days after full blooming could prominently reduce the fruit shedding rate，without influencing the fruit quality. It suggests that 2,4-D treatment could keep fruit fresh on tree for approximately 50 days. Moreover，2,4-D treatment was found to delay formation of abscission zone and down-regulated expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in cell wall degradation，such as CX16，PG2，PME1 and PME2. Our finding revealed that the potential mechanism responsible for keeping fruit fresh on tree by 2,4-D is ascribed to inhibition of cell wall degradation and abscission zone formation.
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• Bioinformatics Analysis of MAPK Genes in Citrus and Their Expression in Response to Canker Disease
• LONG Qin, XIE Yu, LEI Tiangang, HE Yongrui, XU Lanzhen, ZOU Xiuping, and CHEN Shanchun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2095-2106. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0570
• Abstract ( 609 ) HTML ( 442 ) PDF (1753KB) ( 442 ) 　　　
• To explore the key genes of citrus canker resistance，the MAPK gene family were annotated，and the functional domain of these genes was analyzed in citrus. The expressing tissue specificity of CsMPK1，CsMPK3，CsMPK4，CsMPK6 and CsMPK19 and their expression in the resistant ‘Jindan’（Fortunella japonica Swingle）and the susceptible‘Wanjincheng’orange（Citrus sinensis Osbeck）induced by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri（Xcc）were determined. The CsMPK19 was further analyzed by bioinformatics. A total of 12 MAPK gene family members containing Pkinase domain were annotated from the citrus genome，which were divided into 3 subclasses according to the phylogenetic tree. The expression levels of CsMPK1，CsMPK3，CsMPK4-1 and CsMPK6 were relatively high in fruits，while the expression level of CsMPK19 was relatively high in leaves. The expression of CsMPK1 was strongly induced by Xcc in both resistant and susceptible varieties，and the upregulated amplitude was higher in the susceptible variety than in the resistant one. CsMPK3 and CsMPK6 showed strong response only in the early stage of pathogen treatment in susceptible cultivar. The expression of CsMPK4-1 and CsMPK4-2 were up-regulated after Xcc treatment in the susceptible cultivar，but decreased in the resistant cultivar，compared with the water treatment. The expression of CsMPK19 was also strongly induced by Xcc in both resistant and susceptible varieties，while the upregulation was higher in the resistant cultivar. A 1 824 bp coding sequence of CsMPK19 was cloned which encodes a 69 174.36 D protein of 607 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that CsMPK19 is a non-secretory protein and the 25–316 aa is a typical Pkinase domain. There are significant differences in the cis-acting elements of the MPK19 promoters between the Wanjincheng orange and the Jindan. These results suggest that MAPK genes strongly respond to Xcc infection，and the CsMPK19 had potential application value in regulation of resistance to citrus canker.
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• Effects of Different Rootstocks on the Growth and Endogenous Hormones for Grape Cultivars
• WANG Xiaoyue, ZHANG Guojun, SUN Lei, YAN Ailing, WANG Huiling, REN Jiancheng, and XU Haiying
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2107-2120. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0221
• Abstract ( 951 ) HTML ( 622 ) PDF (1141KB) ( 622 ) 　　　
• Five rootstocks：3309M，1103P，110R，5BB and SO4 were used as rootstocks and two Vitis vinifera cultivars‘Ruidu Xiangyu’and‘Ruidu Hongyu’as scions to evaluate the vine growth characteristics，fruit quality and dynamic regularity of endogenous hormones for different scion-rootstock combinations. The results showed that (1) SO4，5BB and 110R enhanced vine growth，but Ruidu Hongyu/ 110R’s scion thickness/rootstock thickness is 1.56，showed poor graft compatibility. (2) Both SO4 and 5BB improved the fruit TSS of‘Ruidu Xiangyu’；all the rootstocks enhanced the fruit TA of‘Ruidu Hongyu’，reduced the Brix/TA ratio and improved the fruit sweet-sour balance. (3) Higher levels of growth promoting hormones including ZR，IAA and GA3 were detected during shoot rapid growth and veraison than during first blooming and fruit ripening. The combinations with 110R and SO4 showed significant high promoting hormone content in both leaf and shoot；while the combinations with 5BB showed low promoting hormone content in leaf，but high promoting hormone content in shoot，and high ZR/GA3 ratio during shoot rapid growth. Compared with all the other combinations，‘Ruidu Hongyu’/SO4 had the lowest ABA content during shoot rapid growth，explained its vigorous growth. Combinations with 110R，SO4 and 5BB showed higher ZR/GA3 ratio，lower ABA/ZR + IAA + GA3 than combinations with 3309M and 1103P. ABA contents of combinations with SO4 declined during growing season，prompting the shoot growth during the second growth peak. On the contrary，ABA contents of combinations with 3309M and 5BB were at high level during the growing season，impaired the vine’s growth. Above all，the offspring of V. berlandieri Planchon × V. riparia Michixi（SO4 and 5BB）showed good graft compatibility with Vitis vinifera，promoted scion growth，fruit quality and taste.
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• Study on Nutrient Requirement Characteristics of Vitis vinifera‘87-1’Grapevine in Protected Culture
• WANG Haibo, SHI Xiangbin, WANG Xiaodi, PANG Guocheng, WANG Xiaolong, and LIU Fengzhi
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2121-2131. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0036
• Abstract ( 471 ) HTML ( 594 ) PDF (806KB) ( 594 ) 　　　
• Grape cultivar‘87-1’，grafted on Beda and planted in greenhouse，was used for detecting the mineral elements content. Whole plant sampling of 7 key growing stages（germination，initial flowering，the end of flowering，seed development，veraison，maturityand abscission），repeated for two years from 2016—2018，were detected. The absorption amount，ratio of distribution and demand of different annual growth stages were calculated，so that to clarify thedemand of each mineral element in the condition of greenhouse cultivation for early promoting，and provide the theoretical foundation for the efficient use of grape fertilizers and the research of products. The results indicate：(1)During the stage of germination and initial flowering，it has a large absorption demand for various nutrients，the absorption and distribution ratio is about 10% of the year，the ratio of nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium，boron，copper and manganese are all exceeds 14%，especially the potassium absorption reach to 21.1%，but the absorption rate of various nutrients was medium. The requirement and absorption of each nutrient from the initial flowering to the end of flowering is the smallest stage of the year，but the absorption and distribution ratio of each nutrient at this stage is also as high as about 10%，for example，nitrogen and molybdenum are 13.0% and 15.3%，respectively，at this stage，the absorption rate is high. The stage from the end of flowering to seed development is not the maximum demand period for all nutrient absorption，but the absorption and distribution ratio of each nutrient basically exceeds 20%，it has the highest absorption amount for nitrogen，potassiumand boron compared with other stage，their yearly distribution ratio are 30.1%，35.0% and 34.9% ，respectively；the absorption demand for magnesium，iron，manganese，zinc，copper，and molybdenum ranks second among in all growth stages，and the absorption and distribution ratios are 23.2%，27.1%，and 23.1，21.6%，19.9% and 30.3%，respectively；the absorption and demand for phosphorus and calcium ranks third among in all growth stages，and the absorption and distribution ratios are 18.9% and 20.6%，respectively；at this stage，the absorption rate of various nutrients is relatively large. During the stage from the veraison to maturity，the absorption and distribution ratios of phosphorus，calcium and molybdenum were larger，reach to 24.6%，21.9% and 25.5%，respectively；the absorption and distribution ratios of nitrogen，iron，manganese and zinc were lower than the above elements，reach to 18.8%，17.2%，16.0% and 18.4%，respectively；the absorption and distribution ratios of potassium，magnesium，boron and copper are the smallest at this stage，with yearly ratios of 14.3%，15.5%，15.6%，and 14.7%，respectively；the absorption rate of each nutrient is large in this stage. In the maturity to abscission stage，the demand for absorption of most nutrients is the highest in all stages of growth，the absorption and distribution ratios of phosphorus，calcium，magnesium，copper，iron，manganese，molybdenum and zincare as high as 33.8%，37.5%，42.6%，41.1%，33.9%，35.0%，33.8% and 38.7%，respectively，only nitrogen，potassium and boron are slightly lower，but their absorption requirements amount are also ranks second and third level with a ratio of more than 18%；at this stage，the absorption rate of the nutrients are lower. (2)The demand for calcium by facility grape plants is the largest，which are 1.34 times of potassium，1.35 times of nitrogen，3.29 times of phosphorus，and 5.95 times of magnesium respectively. In summary，the absorption of various mineral nutrients runs through the entire annual growth cycle of grapes，and the absorption and distribution ratio and absorption rate vary depending on the growth stage；table grapes are not only potassium crops，but also calcium crops.
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• Identification，Phylogenetic Evolution and Expression Analysis of NAT Gene Family in Pepper
• HUANG Zhinan, DUAN Weike, BAI Xueying, ZHOU Yi, ZHU Mengquan, LIU Siqin, JU Jia, and PAN Guoqing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2132-2144. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0190
• Abstract ( 344 ) HTML ( 303 ) PDF (3457KB) ( 303 ) 　　　
• In this study，total of 12 NAT（Nucleobase-Ascorbate Transporter）gene family members，named CaNAT01 to CaNAT12，were identified from pepper‘Zunla-1’（Capsicum annuum）by bioinformatics analysis. CaNATs were unevenly distributed on seven chromosomes and occurred segmental duplication tandem duplication events. Multiple transmembrane domains were identified in CaNATs. The isoelectric point of CaNATs were between 8.39 and 10.15. During the evolutionary process in plants，we found NATs originated from group D genes，then NATs stably existed in four groups of dicots after whole-genome duplication events and gene differentiation. The smallest nucleotide difference was found among group C genes，indicating that the genes in group C were more conservative. CaNATs showed tissue differential expression，some of which play vital roles in regulating root，stem，and fruit development in pepper. The transcript levels of CaNATs were generally up-regulated under multiple stresses（cold，heat，drought and salt），especially in cold and heat stresses.
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• Genome-wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of GRF Gene Family in Capsicum
• ZHAO Huixia, LI Fengxia, GUO Rui, and CHEN Chanyou,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2145-2160. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0064
• Abstract ( 407 ) HTML ( 596 ) PDF (3110KB) ( 596 ) 　　　
• The Growth-Regulating Factors（GRFs）are plant-specific transcription factors that play pivotal roles in growth and development，stress and phytohormone response. However，the GRF family in Capsicum remains to be investigated. In this study，genome-wide retrievation of GRFs in five Capsicum reference genomes was carried out using BLASTP and HMM（Hidden Markov Model），and a total of 52 GRFs were identified. Further analysis was performed regarding their characterization，phylogenetic relationship，tissues expression profiles and expression level upon GA3 treatment. The length of pepper GRF proteins ranges from 200 to 745 amino acids（aa），with the molecular weight（MW）of 23–81 kD，and the theoretical isoelectric point of 5.9–9.5. The majority of GRF proteins harbor the conservative QLQ and WRC domains at N-terminal end，and one or more FFD，TQL，or GGPL motifs in the C-terminus. A few GRFs contain only the WRC domain in the N-terminus and the non-conserved
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• Inheritance and Phenotypic Analysis of Small Seed Mutant in Watermelon
• YAN Wen, WANG Xiqing, JIA Yunhe, FU Yongkai, and YOU Haibo
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2161-2168. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0186
• Abstract ( 352 ) HTML ( 303 ) PDF (3010KB) ( 303 ) 　　　
• In the experiment，no significant difference in the seed size of watermelon inbred line BW85 with larger seeds and its small seed ,mutant F211 was observed within 7–11 days after pollination（DAP），11 DAP，the seed length，seed width，100-seed fresh and dry weight were 7.93 mm，4.53 mm，4.23 g，0.32 g and 8.26 mm，4.95 mm，4.54 g，0.30 g，respectively；but from 13 DAP，a significant difference in seed size was detected，the seed length，seed width，100-seed fresh and dry weight were 9.99 mm，6.12 mm，9.47 g，1.33 g and 8.86 mm，5.32 mm，4.60 g，0.46 g，respectively. Inbred line BW85 and mutant F211 were used to determine any differences of the testa development using paraffin section method. The results showed that the epidermis，hypodermis and sclerenchyma thickness of mutant F211 seeds（144.57 μm，130.53 μm，38.22 μm）were significantly smaller than those of inbred line BW85 seeds after 15 DAP. Furthermore，genetic analysis showed that all the plants in F1 and BC1P2 populations had small seeds，while segregation ratios of 3︰1 and 1︰1 was observed in F2 and BC1P1 proportions. The ratio was consistent with classical Mendelian law of inheritance，indicating that production of small seeds was dominant，and was controlled by a single gene.
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• Evaluation and Selection of Cut-flower Cultivars Based on Grey Relational Grade Analysis in Flare Tree Peony（Paeonia rockii）
• LUO Hao, CHENG Fangyun, GUO Xin, TAO Xiwen, and WANG Xu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2169-2180. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0031
• Abstract ( 321 ) HTML ( 499 ) PDF (1687KB) ( 499 ) 　　　
• In order to screen out the cultivars suitable for cut-flower production，we investigated 14 traits in 51 cultivars of flare tree peony（Paeonia rockii）and built an“Ideal Cultivar”to comprehensively evaluate them by using grey relational grade analysis method. Through systematic cluster analysis of weighted relational grade，the 51 cultivars were divided into four groups. The first group included 4 cultivars，‘Jingyuhong’，‘Fenmian Taosai’，‘Jingfenlan’and‘Jingguan Huihong’，with weighted relational grade of 0.7841–0.8203，which were the most suitable to be used for cut-flower and popularized preferentially. The second group included 14 cultivars with weighted relational grade of 0.7082–0.7561 which were greatly potential for cut-flower production，and they were recommended to be more suitable for cut-flower application. The third group including 19 cultivars with weighted relational grade of 0.6361–0.6950 had general potential for cut-flower and could be recommended as reserve resources for cut-flower. The fourth group included 14 cultivars with weighted relational grade of 0.5771–0.6291 and they were not suitable to be used for cut-flower production.
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• Identification and Expression Analysis of Dehydroascorbate Reductase （DHAR）Gene Family in Salvia miltiorrhiza
• CHEN Chen, HAN Limin, HUA Wenping, and YANG Xiaotong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2181-2193. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0529
• Abstract ( 401 ) HTML ( 377 ) PDF (1547KB) ( 377 ) 　　　
• Dehydroascorbate reductase（DHAR）catalyzes the glutathione（GSH）-dependent reduction of dehydroascorbate and plays a direct role in regenerating ascorbic acid，an essential plant antioxidant vital for defense. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a common traditional medicinal herb in China with abundant pharmacological activity. However，little is known about the DHAR genes in resistance of S. miltiorrhiza. In this study，5 DHAR genes were identified based on S. miltiorrhiza genome database. The characteristics of them were analyzed by bioinformatics method，such as basic properties of encoded proteins，subcellular localization prediction，protein structures，phylogenetic relationships analysis and cis-acting elements in promoter regions. Then，the expression pattern analysis of DHARs in different tissues and phytohormone treatments were tested. The results showed that the sizes of SmDHARs were 724–3 296 bp in length with 1–5 exons，and encoded 218–470 amino acids. Most of their coding proteins are hydrophilic and lack of transmembrane domains. SmDHARs located chloroplast or secreted to outside of cell. SmDHARs were divided into two subgroups based on phylogenetic relationships. Promoter regions of SmDHARs contain many cis-acting elements related to plant development，hormones and stress response. Gene expression analysis results demonstrated that all SmDHARs had vary expression patterns in tissues and under hormone treatments. SmDHAR5 expressed significantly highly in roots，while lowly in other tissues. SmDHAR1，SmDHAR3 and SmDHAR4 genes were highly expressed in roots，stems and leaves，and that is the lowest in flower. SmDHAR2 was constitutively highly expressed. And SmDHARs also showed different response patterns when treated with methyl jasmonate，yeast extract，abscisic acid，gibberellin，and salicylic acid. This study provides a reference for deeply exploring the function of SmDHAR gene family in the process of resisting adversity，and provides ideas for the research of resistance breeding in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Research Notes

• Identification and Functional Analysis of N6-Adenine Methylation（6mA）Methyltransferase Genes in Fragaria vesca
• XU Sheng, ZHANG Xin, LIU Decai, and GU Tingting
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2194-2206. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0659
• Abstract ( 340 ) HTML ( 434 ) PDF (2597KB) ( 434 ) 　　　
• DNA methylation on the sixth position of the purine ring in adenine[N6-methyladenine （6mA）]is an epigenetic modification widely present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes，but our understanding in its function in plants is limited. We applied bioinformatic approaches to identify and analyze the two classes of putative N6-adenine DNA methyltransferase genes（three MT-A70 and two DAMT genes）in woodland strawberry（Fragaria vesca）. Phylogenetic analysis and chromosome positioning on those 6mA DNA methyltransferase genes from bacteria，fungi，animals and plants showed that F. vesca MT-A70 genes could be classified into three subfamilies，which existed before the diversification of plants and animals. Two DAMT genes were generated by a species-specific tandem duplication，and the proteins structure changed rapidly. It is speculated that the function of the DAMT protein has diversified during the evolutionary process. The analysis on transcriptome data suggested that each gene had specific spatiotemporal expression and was responsive to cold and heat stresses. The expression of one DAMT gene was relatively higher in fruits and was up-regulated as fruit matured，indicating that it may participate in the regulation of fruit ripening. In addition，the expression levels of the five 6mA methyltransferase genes were significantly changed under cold and heat stresses. Thus，it is speculated that MT-A70 and DAMT genes may be involved in the growth and development of F. vesca and its responses to cold and heat stresses.
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• Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by Different Phenolic Acids Secreted from Roots of Different Resistant Banana Varieties
• ZHAI Zixiang, LI Deming, DENG Tao, DENG Dahao, YANG Laying, ZHOU You, GUO Lijia, and HUANG Junsheng,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2207-2214. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0007
• Abstract ( 336 ) HTML ( 309 ) PDF (1432KB) ( 309 ) 　　　
• The High-performance Liquid Chromatography（HPLC）was used to determine the content of 10 phenolic acids in root exudates of susceptible and resistant banana cultivars（Brazilian and Nantianhuang），and the phenolic acids with obvious content differences in different treatments were selected to verify its inhibitory effect on the growth of Foc4. The study found that after induction with Foc4，p-hydroxybenzoic acid and cinnamic acid were detected only in the root exudates of resistant cultivar，and the content of phthalic acid in disease resistant cultivar was nearly twice that disease susceptible cultivar，and the inhibition rate of phthalic acid，p-hydroxybenzoic acid and cinnamic acid on the growth of Foc4 increased significantly with increasing concentration. The result also showed that there was a close correlation between phenolic acids from banana root exudates and banana cultivar resistance，which provided a certain theoretical basis for the subsequent selection of banana Fusarium wilt resistant varieties.
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New Technologies and New Methods

• Establishment of RT-LAMP Assay for Detection of Citrus Leaf Blotch Virus
• HUANG Aijun, DING Min, WANG Ying, SU Huanan, and YI Long
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2215-2222. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0033
• Abstract ( 188 ) HTML ( 345 ) PDF (1457KB) ( 345 ) 　　　
• This study aim of is to establishe the detection method of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification（RT-LAMP）method for visual detection of CLBV，and validate its sensitivity and accuracy. The primers were designed and screened based on the conserved region of coat protein gene of CLBV. The reaction conditions of the RT-LAMP，including amplification temperature and amplification time were optimized. The optimized RT-LAMP can be done at 65 ℃ within 60 min. The detection limits of the RT-LAMP was 23.2 pg • µL-1. When the SYBR greenⅠdye was added to the amplification product，the positive samples were observed visually to be green，whereas the negative samples were orange，and there is no need for gel electrophoresis analysis. The eastablished RT-LAMP was used to detect CLBV from 120 field samples. The detection rate of different source samples was between 0 and 15%，the result of the RT-LAMP was in accord with RT-PCR method.
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Review

• Research Advance of Apple Replant Disease Based on Soil Microorganism
• WANG Xiaoqi, JIANG Weitao, YAO Yuanyuan, YIN Chengmiao, CHEN Xuesen, and MAO Zhiquan,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2223-2237. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0941
• Abstract ( 341 ) HTML ( 507 ) PDF (774KB) ( 507 ) 　　　
• In the perspective of soil microorganisms，this paper summarized the effects of physiology and growth changes of young trees affected by pathogen when apple replant disease（ARD）outbreaks，and reviewed ARD alleviation techniques including soil fumigation or biofumigation，application of antagonistic microorganisms，fertilization measures，organic amendments，resistant rootstocks and planting system on the regulation of soil microbial community. At last，the outlook on the mechanism research of ARD and the development direction on prevention/controlling ARD were put forward.
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• Advances in Phytohormone Auxin Response to High Temperature
• YAN Shuangshuang, QIU Zhengkun, YU Bingwei, MING Fangyan, CHEN Changming, LEI Jianjun, and CAO Bihao
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2238-2246. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0264
• Abstract ( 470 ) HTML ( 438 ) PDF (684KB) ( 438 ) 　　　
• This paper reviews the auxin biosynthesis pathway，the signaling pathway，the polar transport pathway and other genes pathway in response to high temperature stress，which provided reference for the application of auxin in improving the resistance to high temperature stress in horticultural crops.
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• Plant Transposable Elements and the Effects of Insertion Mutations on Flower Development in Horticultural Plants
• XIANG Yuanping, WANG Yidan, HE Hongjun, and XU Qijiang,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2247-2266. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0361
• Abstract ( 383 ) HTML ( 389 ) PDF (1388KB) ( 389 ) 　　　
• Transposable elements（TEs）are repetitive mobile genetic elements that are ubiquitous in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and have the ability to change their positions within a genome. TEs are categorized into two classes：retrotransposons and DNA transposons based on their structure and manner of transposition. Retrotransposons transpose via an mRNA intermediate that is reversely-transcribed into cDNA，which is then integrated in the genome by a copy-and-paste model. DNA transposons transpose via a DNA intermediate that is excised and reinserted into new genomic locations by a cut-and-paste model. Both classes contain autonomous and nonautonomous elements. As a major component of plant genomes，plant TEs play a critical role in the evolution，structural rearrangement，and expression regulation of genes and the phenotypes of plants. This paper reviewed the recent progress on the structural characteristics，transposition mechanism，and functions of plant TEs，with a particular focus on the insertion mutation of TEs，their regulation of gene expression and floral development in horticultural plants. The prospects and directions of future research were discussed for the horticultural applications of plant TEs.
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New Cultivars

• A New Lemon Cultivar ‘Huangxiuqiu’
• ZOU Xinjian, WANG Xiaoqing, LIU Jinlian, WANG Mengdie, LI Yongqiang, CHEN Wenrong, ZONG Yu, SHAO Wenke, LIAO Fanglei, and GUO Weidong,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2267-2268. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0557
• Abstract ( 713 ) HTML ( 139 ) PDF (918KB) ( 139 ) 　　　
• ‘Huangxiuqiu’is a new lemon cultivar selected from a natural bud mutation of Volkamer lemon. The tree posture of this cultivar is open. The spring shoots have few thorns and the thorn length is moderate. The center of young leaf is green，while the outer margin is pink. Part of the mature leaves show a yellow margin and green center. Its young fruit is small, round and smooth，which exocarp is full of yellow-green stripes. The green parts turn to orange during it maturation，which exocarp is covered by yellow-green stripes. However，the stripes turn to red，and the fruit show a yellow flavedo with red dots when it is fully ripe. It has higher ornamental value compared to other lemon and it’s suitable for making bonsai.
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• A New Anti-browning Castanea henryi Cultivar‘Huali 2’
• YUAN Deyi, ZHU Zhoujun, FAN Xiaoming, WANG Yaohui, ZOU Feng, and XIAO Shixin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2269-2270. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0595
• Abstract ( 261 ) HTML ( 211 ) PDF (871KB) ( 211 ) 　　　
• 1Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Product of State Forestry Administration，Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of Ministry of Education，Central South University of Forestry and Technology，Changsha 410004，China；2Huaihua Forestry Research Institute，Huaihua，Hunan 418000，China
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• A New Cucumber Cultivar‘Yanqing’
• XIONG Yan, WANG Hebing, XIANG Huafeng, CHEN Xinzhong, ZHANG Sheng, WU Peiliang, and ZHANG Hongcheng,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2271-2272. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0085
• Abstract ( 334 ) HTML ( 101 ) PDF (969KB) ( 101 ) 　　　
• ‘Yanqing’is a new cucumber subgynoecious lines hybrid of South China type，which was developed by crossing 86G as female parent with Z-1 as male parent. This hybrid grows vigorously with early maturity and high yield. Its fruit is cylindrical and about 20 cm in length with white-green color. Average fruit weight is about 186 g with crisp and tender flavor of good quality. It is tolerate to low temperature and weak light，the average yield of which can reach up to 70.74 t • hm-2. It is suitable for spring plastic shed cultivation and open cultivation in Chongqing and other areas with similar climate.
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• A New Watermelon Cultivar‘Longsheng 9’with High Resistance to Fusarium Wilt
• WANG Xiqing, JIA Yunhe, YAN Wen, FU Yongkai, and YOU Haibo
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2273-2274. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0177
• Abstract ( 302 ) HTML ( 259 ) PDF (2723KB) ( 259 ) 　　　
• ‘Longsheng 9’watermelon is a new hybrid. The fruit is round, with dark green peel and dark green toothed strip. The peel is 1.0 cm thick and has good toughness. The flesh is red，crisp，with 13.0% soluble solid content in the center. The average fruit weight is 12.0 kg. The whole growth period is 95 d，and the fruit development period is 32 d. It has high resistance to Fusarium wilt and anthracnose. The yield is 65 034.0 kg • hm-2. It is suitable for open cultivation in northeast area in summer.
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• A New Courtyard Lilium Cultivar‘Dancers’
• YUE Ling, ZHAO Xinghua, FENG Xiuli, WU Haihong, and LI Dan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2020, 47(11): 2275-2276. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0656
• Abstract ( 641 ) HTML ( 310 ) PDF (890KB) ( 310 ) 　　　
• A new courtyard Lilium‘Dancers’cultivar which is selected from the cross‘212’× ‘Siberia’.‘Dancers’has strong plant growth. The flower is red，with 18 cm average diameter. The flower has strong resistance and high ornamental value. It is suitable to be cultivated in courtyard in the north of Shenyang.
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