Research Papers

• Difference in Protein Expression of Apple Leaves with Different Resistance Response to Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. piricola Infection
• SUN Tianhua1，LI Jia1，WANG Tao1，NIU Ning2，and XU Jizhong1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 409-420. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0686
• Abstract ( 359 ) HTML ( 1048 ) PDF (2247KB) ( 1048 ) 　　　
• Two apple test materials 1-1-24 and 1-2-34 generated from hybrids of‘Jiguan’&‘Fuji’ were chosen as experimental materials. 1-1-24 was resistant to ring rot disease while 1-2-34 was highly susceptible. Each needle was stabbed on both sides of main vein of the blade. Culture medium cakes covered with Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. piricola and sterile distilled water were separately inoculated to different blades. Total protein of apple leaves before treatment and after 24 h of treatment were suitable for the analysis of 2-DE and identified by mass spectrometry. There were 27 proteins successfully identified. During the process of apple leaves response to the ring rot pathogen stress，multiple pathways were pulsed on to achieve to stress related，defense related，cellular metabolism，synthesis related，photosynthesis and unknown. Combined with real-time quantitative PCR analysis of Glucanendo-1,3-beta-glucosidase，AP15 and acidic endochitinase，we came to the conclusion that Glucanendo-1,3-beta-glucosidase and acidic endochitinase played an important role in resistance to B.berengeriana f. sp. piricola and the key proteins’ extremely significant difference in content without pathogen infection probably was one of the reasons for the resistance difference.
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• Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Sucrose Synthase （SUS）and Sucrose Phosphate Synthase（SPS）Gene Families in Pear
• Lü Jiahong，WANG Yingzhen，CHENG Rui，WANG Guoming，ZHANG Shaoling，WU Jun，and ZHANG Huping*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 421-435. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0474
• Abstract ( 466 ) HTML ( 1380 ) PDF (2100KB) ( 1380 ) 　　　
• In this study，the sucrose synthase（SUS）and sucrose phosphate synthase（SPS）gene families were identified from pear（Pyrus bretschneideri‘Dangshan Suli’） genome database，and their gene structure，phylogenetic relationship，protein conserved domains，chromosomal locations and gene evolution pattern were analyzed by bioinformatic approaches. Transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR were used separately to analyze the expression patterns of SUS and SPS gene families during the fruit development of low-sucrose‘Dangshan Suli’and high-sucrose‘Cuiguan’（P. pyrifolia）. The results showed 17 SUS genes（PbrSUS1–PbrSUS17）and 8 SPS genes（PbrSPS1–PbrSPS8）were identified in P. bretschneideri，including 3 subfamilies for SUS gene family（SUS1，SUSA and SUS2）. The expansion of PbrSUS and PbrSPS gene families distributed unevenly on 10 chromosomes were mainly caused by segmental duplication，and their evolutionary processes were affected by purify selection. PbrSPS3，PbrSPS4，PbrSPS8，PbrSUS2，and PbrSUS15 are the important genes in regulating the synthesis and accumulation of sucrose for pear fruit.
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• Effects of Different New Shoots Spacing on Canopy Light Environment and Fruit Quality of Grapevine Under Protected Cultivation
• SHI Xiangbin，LIU Fengzhi，CHENG Cungang，WANG Xiaodi，JI Xiaohao，WANG Baoliang，ZHENG Xiaocui，and WANG Haibo*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 436-446. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0455
• Abstract ( 364 ) HTML ( 855 ) PDF (869KB) ( 855 ) 　　　
• 6-year-old‘Jingmi’grapevines grafted on‘Beta’were used to study the effect of spacing between new shoots on canopy light environment and fruit quality under protected cultivation in two consecutive years. Under the premise of controlling the same fruit load，three new shoot spacing treatments （10，15 and 20 cm）were set. The results showed that the canopy gap fraction and openness increased with the shoot spacing increase，10 cm > 15 cm > 20 cm，whilst，leaf area index（LAI）and light interception rate were opposite. Light utility efficiency of the new shoots spacing treatment 20 cm was the lowest. LAI of the treatment 10 cm was the highest which caused canopy closure. LAI of the treatment 15 cm was reasonable and light utility efficiency was higher. Single berry weight of the new shoots spacing treatments 15 and 20 cm was not significantly different，and was significantly higher than that of the treatment 10 cm. The fruit color of the new shoots spacing treatment 15 cm was the best，followed by the treatment 20 cm，and the treatment 10 cm was the worst. In terms of fruit interior quality，the contents of soluble sugar and vitamin C were the new shoots spacing treatments 15 cm > 20 cm > 10 cm. The trend of titratable acid content was opposite to the former. 10 cm treatment was the highest，and no significant difference was found between 15 and 20 cm treatments. The contents of the characteristic aroma of linalool with rose aroma and hexanal with faint and fruity scent in the new shoots treatment 15 cm were significantly higher than that of the treatments 20 and 10 cm. The contents of nerol with faint and fruity scent，geraniol with potpourri，citronellol with rose aroma and 2-hexene with faint and fruity scent in the treatments 15 and 20 cm were significantly higher than that of the treatment 10 cm. The fruit aroma of the treatment 15 cm was stronger，which can better reflect the variety characteristics. All the results showed that the new shoots spacing treatment 15 cm，horizontal dragon stem combined with V-shaped canopy of high photosynthetic-efficient and laborsaving，showed the best efficiency in the protected cultivated ‘Jingmi’grapevine.
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• The Influence of the Film-forming Antitranspirant on the Ripening Process of Vitis vinifera‘Cabernet Sauvignon’
• HAN Weiwei1，HAN Ning1，JIANG Kaikai2，YANG Mo1，and ZHAO Xinjie1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 447-456. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0575
• Abstract ( 310 ) HTML ( 724 ) PDF (2920KB) ( 724 ) 　　　
• The influence of film-forming antitranspirant on the ripening process of Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’was investigated. The film-forming antitranspirant Vapor Gard（active ingredient is di-1-p-menthene，a therpenic polymer，also known as pinolene）was sprayed to the clusters at onset of grapevine berry ripening. The results showed that the film-forming antitranspirant had no prominent influence on the diameter and the weight of berry at the early mature stage，but compared to the control，the reducing sugar content，soluble solids content and total phenol content significantly decreased，while the acid content was enhanced under the film-forming antitranspirant treatment. Moreover，the drop of fruit turgor and berry coloring was postponed under the treatment. Furthermore，the expression level of the key genes in the fruit anthocyanins synthesis pathway was down-regulated under the treatment，as the results，compare to the control，the total anthocyanins content and the proportion of the acylation anthocyanins were reduced. Therefore，it was speculated that the treatment might reduce the water transpiration of berry to sustain the berry turgor，and consequently，the berry coloring and the ripening process was markedly delayed. Hence，the film-forming antitranspirant can be used to regulate the developmental process of grape fruit.
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• Difference of Bagged‘Moldova’Grapes’ Anthocyanin Metabolism for Two Trellis Systems
• LIU Xiaohong1,2，XIAO Qiuhong2，SUN Yongjiang2，DU Yuanpeng2，and ZHAI Heng2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 457-470. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0454
• Abstract ( 379 ) HTML ( 741 ) PDF (819KB) ( 741 ) 　　　

• In order to study the effect of bagging on anthocyanin metabolism in different micro- environment from different canopy types，we bagged the‘Moldova’grape of pergola and vertical trellis system to represent the horizontal and vertical canopy. Temperature and relative humidity around the clusters of the two canopy types were recorded from berry expansion stage. Grape berries were picked from veraison to maturity stage to determine the component and content of individual anthocyanin in fruit skin by HPLC–MS；additionally，the enzymes activity and their gene relative expression were measured，and the grape quality of different canopy types were compared. The results showed that horizontal canopy decreased the ratio of high temperature and humidity fluctuation around the cluster compared to the vertical canopy in 2015 and 2016. The content of reducing sugar was increased by 18.33% and 15.41% and the acid was decreased compared to the vertical canopy for two consecutive years. In 2015，the content of tannin and anthocyanin of bagged fruit under horizontal canopy was increased by 22.32% and 35.29% compared to the vertical canopy，and the red chrom of fruit skin increased apparently；in contrast，the content of total phenols，flavanols and flavonoids decreased by 10.72%，10.97% and 45.04%，respectively，in 2016. At 77 days after blossom，the bagged fruit under pergola showed a higher content of individual anthocyanin；however，the bagged fruit of vertical trellis systems showed compensatory increase at 91 days after blossom. Analysis of individual anthocyanin indicated that they both have 21 individual anthocyanin and the diglucosidation，methylation and total modification of bagged fruit under pergola were higher than under vertical trellis system. From 63 to 105 days，the relative expression of the genes VvUFGT，VvLDOX，Vv5GT，VvPPO in anthocyanin metabolic pathway showed the same trend except VvOMT，but their enzyme activities showed difference. Thus it can be seen，the horizontal canopy can decrease the temperature and humidity of the micro-environment around grape，increase the quality of fruit and the degree of modification of individual anthocyanin，but the content of individual anthocyanin was decreased，at the same time，the relative expression and the activity of enzyme were changed.

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• Molecular Cloning and Function Analysis of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 1（CCD1）in Apricot Fruit
• LIU Shengyu1，ZHANG Shikui2，LU Juanfang1，LI Wenhui2，and XI Wanpeng1,3,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 471-482. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0416
• Abstract ( 355 ) HTML ( 939 ) PDF (886KB) ( 939 ) 　　　
• A cDNA encoding PaCCD1 was cloned from the fruit of‘Luntai Xiaobaixing’apricot based on RNA-sequence by rapid-amplification of cDNA ends（RACE）. The complete cDNA of PaCCD1 was 1 885 bp. Sequences analysis indicated that the opening reading frame of PaCCD1 was 1 644 bp and it encoded 547 amino acids. The molecular weight of PaCCD1 protein is 61.699 kD. Amino acid sequence alignment showed that PaCCD1 was similar to other CCD1 proteins. They all shared typical conserved domains including four conserved histidine residues，two semi-conserved glutamate residues and one semi-conserved aspartate residues. Bioactive site analysis showed that PaCCD1 protein had many glycosylation and phosphorylation sites. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PaCCD1 protein was at the same branch of the tree with AtCCD1 protein，and the genetic relationship is the closest with PpCCD1（Prunus persica）and CmCCD1（melon）. Real time PCR analysis showed that PaCCD1 expressed the highest in fruitlets，next in flower，but has no expression in roots，leaves and one-year branch，exhibiting a tissue-specific expression. Additionally，the expression levels of PaCCD1 in peels and pulps were remarkably up-regulated during fruit development and ripening，the content of the main carotenoids in apricot fruit，β-carotene and lutein，presented a significant decrease during this process，while the contents of the apocarotenoid aroma compounds，dihydro-β-ionone，β-ionone and β-damascenone，increased significantly. A PaCCD1 expression protein in vitro was acquired by transforming the target gene in E. coli. Feeding the protein with different carotenoids as specific substrates showed that the PaCCD1 protein can absorb β-carotene，and produce dihydro-β-ionone and β-ionone quickly，also can absorb lutein and produce β-damascenone. Based on these results，we inferred that PaCCD1 may be the key gene controlling apocarotenoid aroma volatiles formation in apricot fruit.
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• Identification of the Targets of miR164b and Their Response to Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Infection in Watermelon
• SUN Yuyan，HE Yanjun，NIU Xiaowei，CUI Di，and FAN Min*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 482-492. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0369
• Abstract ( 314 ) HTML ( 768 ) PDF (1784KB) ( 768 ) 　　　
• The precursor gene of miR164b，Pre-miR164b，was obtained through blast of miR164b and the watermelon genome. Pre-miR164b，with a length of 97 bp，was able to form the stem-loop structure. The promoter of Pre-miR164b contains several cis-acting regulatory elements，such as light responsive element，gibberellin responsive element，ethylene responsive element，salicylic acid responsive element，and fungal elicitor responsive element. Four target genes of miR164b，annotated as NAC transcription factor，were predicted and the cleavage site was located at the 10th of miR164b at the 5′ end. Expression patterns of miR164b and NAC were different during the process of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus（CGMMV）infection. Expression of Cla018596 was negatively correlated with miR164b. However，the expression of Cla019099，Cla023219 and Cla023357 was not correlated with miR164b.
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• Molecular Cloning and Functional Identification of Photoperiod Pathway Transcription Factor Gene AcCOL7 in Allium cepa
• SHENG Jie，YANG Cuicui，WU Xiaoxu，YUAN Qiaoling，CHEN Dian，ZHANG Dongyuan，and WANG Yong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 493-502. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0810
• Abstract ( 298 ) HTML ( 814 ) PDF (2787KB) ( 814 ) 　　　
• In this study，we cloned a CONSTANS-like transcription factor gene that is involved in the photoperiod pathway from the Allium cepa L.‘SA2’. The full-length cDNA of the gene，designated as AcCOL7，is 1 101 bp long and encodes 366 amino acids. Sequence alignment and motif analysis show that AcCOL7 contains a B-box zinc finger motif near the amino terminus and a conserved CCT domain near the carboxy terminus. Phylogenetic analysis shows that it has close relationship with OsCOL13. Real-time quantitative PCR reveals that AcCOL7 is expressed in different tissues，with higher expression level found in tender leaf and stem before bolting. To investigate the function of AcCOL7，we constructed an AcCOL7 over-expression vector and transformed it into an Arabidopsis co mutant. We found that the transgenic plants exhibited earlier bolting and flowering compared with the mutant plants，and that other characters of the mutant plants were also recovered to some degree. These observations suggest that AcCOL7 has similar functions with the Arabidopsis AtCOL5，and that AcCOL7 likely plays a significant role in promoting flowering.
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• Gene Discovery Related to S-type Male Sterility in Onion and Its Usage for Development of Molecular Marker
• CHEN Li1,2，YANG Yahui1,2，HUO Yumeng2，LIU Bingjiang2，SUN Yuqing2,3，YANG Jianping1，WU Xiong2,*，and YANG Yanyan2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 503-510. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0785
• Abstract ( 282 ) HTML ( 841 ) PDF (2381KB) ( 841 ) 　　　

• The differential expression of 58 open reading frames（ORFs）identified in the intergenic sequence of the mitochondrial genome was analyzed using a male sterile line and a maintainer line of onion（Allium cepa L.），through which，a differentially expressed fragment was obtained，designated as orf393. By quantitative real-time PCR，the temporal-spatial expression of orf393 was carried out in different tissues and organs，including roots，leaves，stalks，and the buds of different developmental stages （pollen mother cells，tetrad，mononuclear，and matured pollen grains）. The results showed that orf393 was only expressed in the samples of the male sterile line；its expression could be detected in all samples of the male sterile line，especially the buds during the tetrad stage，which had the highest expression of orf393. The expression level of orf393 returned to the same level as that during the vegetative stage. Our results suggest that orf393 is constitutively expressed and may associate with the male sterility of onion. Based on the sequence difference of orf393 between the male sterile line and its maintainer line，we developed a reliable molecular marker，namely GXX393，for the identification of cytoplasm types of onion.

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• Cloning of Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor-like Kinase Gene PsSERK2 and Cell Division Rate Analysis During Dormancy Release in Tree Peony （Paeonia suffruticosa）
• GAO Xuekai，ZHANG Yuxi，LIU Chunying，DOU Baolei，and GAI Shupeng*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 511-518. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0387
• Abstract ( 349 ) HTML ( 752 ) PDF (1371KB) ( 752 ) 　　　
• According to the partial sequences of potential SERK2 gene screened from suppression subtractive hybridization library，two specific primers were designed and used for 5′ and 3′ RACE amplification in this experiment. A 2 374 bp full length cDNA sequence was obtained with 158 bp 5′ untranslated region（UTR），341 bp 3′ UTR，and contained a complete ORF with 1 875 bp encoding 625 amino acids. The highest homology with PsSERK2 was VvSERK2 in Vitis vinifera with 92.95% similarity. The results of real-time PCR indicated that the highest expression level of PsSERK2 was detected in the elongating stem and the lowest in expanded leaf at the big bell-like flower-bud of tree peony，the early stage of flowering. Northern blot and fluorescence real-time PCR analysis revealed PsSERK2 was up-regulated during early chilling treatment and then declined after dormancy release. Histological observation showed that the cell division rate increased and the number of cells increased gradually during According to the partial sequences of potential SERK2 gene screened from suppression subtractive hybridization library，two specific primers were designed and used for 5′ and 3′ RACE amplification in this experiment. A 2 374 bp full length cDNA sequence was obtained with 158 bp 5′ untranslated region（UTR），341 bp 3′ UTR，and contained a complete ORF with 1 875 bp encoding 625 amino acids. The highest homology with PsSERK2 was VvSERK2 in Vitis vinifera with 92.95% similarity. The results of real-time PCR indicated that the highest expression level of PsSERK2 was detected in the elongating stem and the lowest in expanded leaf at the big bell-like flower-bud of tree peony，the early stage of flowering. Northern blot and fluorescence real-time PCR analysis revealed PsSERK2 was up-regulated during early chilling treatment and then declined after dormancy release. Histological observation showed that the cell division rate increased and the number of cells increased gradually during
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• Changes of Colors and Pigment Compositions During the Senescence Process of Chrysanthemum morifolium
• ZHANG Yangqinghui，WANG Yiguang，FANG Weimin，GUAN Zhiyong，ZHANG Fei，and CHEN Fadi*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 519-529. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0344
• Abstract ( 926 ) HTML ( 1038 ) PDF (2190KB) ( 1038 ) 　　　

• The study aimed at exploring the mechanism of chrysanthemum floral coloration during the senescent process. 317 chrysanthemum cultivars including seven color groups from“Chinese chrysanthemum germplasm resources preservation center”in Nanjing Agricultural University were used as the test materials for field investigation. As a result，there were 202 varieties with color change. 109 varieties with obvious color change in different color groups during three flowering stages were selected for phenotype measuration using Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart and colorimeter. Furthermore，the determination of physiological parameters of five representative varieties‘White Queen’，‘Monalisa’，‘Nannong Yukou’of white group，‘Nannong Lüdong’of green group，and ‘Ibis-sunny’of yellow group were performed. It was showed that during the senescence of most chrysanthemum cultivars，the L* values of petal surface were decreased，the a* values were enhanced，e. g. the flower color gradually became more reddish than before. According to the determination of physiological parameters，the contents of flavonoids，especially anthocyanin contents in petals of five varieties showed a significant increase. In addition，the contents of MDA also gradually increased，while the contents of soluble sugar reduced. As a conclusion，the accumulation of anthocyanins probably affected by the changes of metabolic pathway is the key factor caused petals turning red during the senescence of chrysanthemum.

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• Proteomics Analysis of Lily Blight Disease-resistant Clones
• ZHANG Yiping1,2，QU Suping2，YANG Xiumei2，MA Lulin2，XU Feng2，WANG Jihua2,*，and HE Yueqiu1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 530-541. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0343
• Abstract ( 270 ) HTML ( 867 ) PDF (5665KB) ( 867 ) 　　　
• To elucidate the key proteins related to disease-resistance of lily induced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lilii，protein two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technology was used to analyze profiles of the disease-resistant and susceptible clones after inoculation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lilii for 0，24，48 and 72 h. Tweenty-five differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified，including 10 differentially expressed proteins identified as unknown function proteins. The rest of the 15 differentially expressed proteins can be categorized into 4 classes according to the function，namely the defense reaction，photosynthesis，carbohydrate and energy metabolism，and heat shock-related proteins. The disease related proteins participated in the defense reaction including presumption of disease-resistant protein RPS2，putative late blight resistant protein homolog R1C-3，peroxidase Q，ascorbate peroxidase and NBS-LRR-like protein，which may play key roles in the resistance against lily blight.
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Research Notes

• Analysis on SSR Information in Transcriptome and Development of Molecular Markers in Wax Apple
• WEI Xiuqing，XU Ling，ZHANG Xijuan，YU Dong，CHEN Zhifeng，ZHANG Limei，CHEN Changzhong，and XU Jiahui*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 541-551. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0283
• Abstract ( 280 ) HTML ( 815 ) PDF (1186KB) ( 815 ) 　　　
• 87 538 Unigenes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing analysis from wax apple [Syzygium samarangense（Bl.）Merr. et Perry]. 21 153 unigenes above 1 kilo base pairs were analyzed by MISA software，and a total of 11 641 SSRs were identified from 8 115 Unigenes. The frequency of SSRs from these Unigenes was 55.03%，and the mean distribution distance of loci was 4.08 kb. Meanwhile，the major types such as mononucleotide，dinucleotide and trinucleotide accounted for 43.44%，30.98% and 24.38%，respectively. Furthermore，AG/CT was the predominant dinucleotide repeat type（26.99%），and the CCG/CGG was the predominant trinucleotide repeat type. 25 734 pairs of SSR primers were found by Primer 3.0. Thirty-five efficient pairs of primers were randomly selected from 94 valid pairs for PCR amplification by 30 wax apple samples，and 25 PCR products showed clear and reproducible results indicating the polymorphism among these samples. According to the UPGMA analysis，30 plants were divided into 2 groups. Abundant SSR polymorphisms provide reliable markers for genetic map construction and analysis of genetic polymorphism for wax apple.
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• Molecular Identification of Tomato chlorosis virus and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Yunnan Province
• LIU Wei1，SHI Xiaobin2，TANG Xin2，ZHANG Yu2，ZHANG Deyong2，ZHOU Xuguo1,*，and LIU Yong2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 552-560. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0735
• Abstract ( 296 ) HTML ( 767 ) PDF (1140KB) ( 767 ) 　　　
• The tomato leaves that displayed symptoms of the chlorosis and yellowing on the lower leaves and symptoms of the curl and deformity on the upper leaves were found and collected in Yunnan. The target DNA band of Tomato chlorosis virus（ToCV）and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus（TYLCV），774 bp and 400 bp，respectively，was amplified using the special primer for virus. The target PCR products were sequenced and compared with the NCBI nucleotide database via the BLAST tools. The result showed that the sample had 99% similarity with the KR184676.1 of ToCV and the FJ012359.1 of TYLCV. We can confirm that the tomato was simultaneously infected by the ToCV and TYLCV. Meanwhile，we found that in Yunnan Province Bemisia tabaci B and Q coexisted，and the proportion of Q was higher than B. Both of B and Q could carry ToCV and TYLCV. This is the first report of ToCV in Yunnan Province. In the spread process from coast to interior areas，the co-infection of ToCV and TYLCV has transmitted to the Southwest of China，and we should pay high attention to the trend of the virus.
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• Genetic Diversity Analysis of 353 Tomato Germplasm Resources by Phenotypic Traits
• RUI Wenjing1，WANG Xiaomin1,2.3.*，ZHANG Qiannan1，HU Xueyi3，HU Xinhua4，FU Jinjun4，GAO Yanming1,2,3，and LI Jianshe1,2,3,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 561-570. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0274
• Abstract ( 289 ) HTML ( 947 ) PDF (673KB) ( 947 ) 　　　
• Variation evaluation，genetic correlation analysis and principal component analysis were carried out by 13 qualitative and 16 quantitative traits to study the genetic diversity of 353 tomato germplasm resources. The results showed that the genetic diversity of phenotypic traits was rich in these tomato germplasms. In qualitative traits，the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index was growth vigor （1.50）. In quantitative traits，the highest genetic diversity indexes were leaf length（2.07）and leaf width （2.07），and the highest coefficient variation（CV）was the fruit cracking rate（73.08%）. There was a complex relationship among these traits. The cumulative contribution rate of the first 9 principal components was 64.83%，which contains most information of all indicators. The 353 tomato resources were divided into 6 groups at the genetic distance of 17.5 by means of systematic clustering and inter group aggregation. The group V contained 138 resources mainly characterized by round fruit shape and limited growth habit. Group VI contained 203 resources mainly characterized by small single fruit weight and unlimited growth habit.
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• QTL Analysis of Date of Initial Flowering，Main Stalk Length and Seed Weight per Plant in Carrot
• SHEN Qi1，OU Chenggang1，SUN Tingting1，LIU Bo1，CAO Qiongwen1，ZHAO Zhiwei1，KONG Xiaoping2,*，and ZHUANG Feiyun1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 571-578. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0830
• Abstract ( 278 ) HTML ( 775 ) PDF (706KB) ( 775 ) 　　　
• A set of backcross inbred lines（BILs）crossed by a wild carrot species‘Songzi’with an orange cultivar‘Amsterdam’were used to deeply analyze the genetic influence of‘Songzi’chromosome fragments on date of initial flowering（DIF），main stalk length（MSL），and seed weight per plant（SWP）. The experimental results suggested that MSL was normal distributed in 2014 and 2015，but DIF was on the contrary，and that SWP was only normal distributed in 2015. ANOVA analysis indicated that there was significant difference among BILs genotypes，years，and genotypes × years. Based on the last carrot genome resequencing data，a genetic map consisted of 2 027 Bins and 154 776 SNPs was developed，and the total genetic distance was 1 436.433 cM with an average interval of 0.709 cM between Bin markers. Two，four and two QTLs associated with DIF，MSL and SWP were discovered，respectively，with 14.6%–23.8% phenotypic variance. DIF5-1 locus was overlapped with MSL5-1 locus.
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• SSR Markers Excavation and Germplasm Analysis Using the Transcriptome Information of Hibiscus esculentus
• LI Yongping，LIU Jianting，CHEN Mindong，ZHANG Qianrong，ZHU Haisheng*，and WEN Qingfang*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 579-590. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0848
• Abstract ( 293 ) HTML ( 878 ) PDF (1439KB) ( 878 ) 　　　
• A total of 74 600 unigenes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing analysis from Hibiscus esculentus. The whole sequence was 52 976 011 bp and a total of 3 448 SSR loci were identified from 3 191 unigenes. 235 sequences contained more than one SSR locus and compound SSR loci sequences were 123. The major types such as trinucleotide and dinucleotide were accounted for 60.79% and 21.43%，respectively. Furthermore，the AG/CT was the predominant dinucleotide repeat type（11.02%），and the AGA/TCT was the predominant trinucleotide repeat type（19.61%）. 8 088 pairs of SSR primers were found by Primer 3.0 and 60 pairs of primers were randomly selected from 87 pairs of effective amplification primers for polymorphism analysis of 32 Hibiscus esculentus samples. 36 primers（60%）showed stable and repeatable polymorphism. According to the UPGMA analysis，32 samples were divided into 2 groups. These results indicated that high frequency and various types of SSR markers could be acquired in Hibiscus esculentus by transcriptome sequencing analysis and abundant SSR markers would provide more reliable markers for genetic diversity analysis and genetic mapping construction in Hibiscus esculentus.
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• Characterization of Nutrient Uptake and Accumulation of Two Types of Cut-chrysanthemum‘Cedis’and‘Country’
• LI Miao，ZHAO Ping，JIANG Rong，and TANG Li*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 591-598. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0312
• Abstract ( 288 ) HTML ( 803 ) PDF (633KB) ( 803 ) 　　　
• In order to provide theoretical basis for high quality and scientific fertilization of chrysanthemum，we carried out a field experiment to compare the yeild，ornamental characters and nutrient uptake and accumulation characteristics between‘Cedis’and‘Country’which are two leading varieties of chrysanthemum in the Netherlands. The results showed that the yield was not significantly different between‘Cedis’and‘Country’. The harvest rate of‘Cedis’reaching the high level of cut-flower quality was significantly higher than that of‘Country’. However，‘Country’was higher in the fresh weight and stem length relatively. The accumulation amount of nitrogen and potassium in‘Cedis’was evidently higher than that of ‘Country’with increase of 10.80% and 35.03%，respectively，while that of phosphorus was not different between two chrysanthemum apparently. The total amount of‘Cedis’nutrients was K，N，P in decreasing order，and that of‘Country’nutrients was P，K，N in increasing order. The requirement of chrysanthemum on nutrients increased to the highest level when chrysanthemum was transplanted after 30–45 d（the stem growth stage–the flower bud differentiation stage）.
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New Cultivars

• A New Mid-late Ripening Apple Cultivar‘Qinmi’
• LI Cuiying1，MA Fengwang1,*，FU Xuanchang1，ZOU Yangjun1，AN Guiyang1，DANG Zhiming2，LI Mingjun1，and GONG Xiaoqing1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 599-600. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0627
• Abstract ( 568 ) HTML ( 739 ) PDF (1163KB) ( 739 ) 　　　

• ‘Qinmi’is a new mid-late apple hybrid selected from‘Qinguan’בMicui’. Its fruit shape is conical，with the average fruit weight 230 g，the largest 353 g. The fruit skin is glossy，which has the light yellow ground color covered with strip red. Its flesh is yellow，suitable sour-sweet，aromatic，juicy，with firmness of 8.42 kg ? cm-2，soluble solids content of 14.9%，titratable acid content of 0.40%，and vitamin C content of 159.7 mg ? kg-1. The fruit development period is about 160 d，ripening in late September，no pre-harvest drop phenomenon，and long-storage. The main characteristics include early-bearing，high and stable yield，drought and cold resistance，and a certain resistance to apple scab disease.

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• A New Mulberry Cultivar‘Sangzi 2’
• REN Jie1,2，DENG Yongjin1,2,*，HAN Zhihong2，TANG Fei1，SHI Dan1，and WANG Jingjing1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 601-602. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0349
• Abstract ( 248 ) HTML ( 649 ) PDF (1294KB) ( 649 ) 　　　
• Buds of introduced fruit mulberry were irradiated by ion beam. The irradiated buds were grafted，and‘Sangzi 2’was selected from the grafing group.‘Sangzi 2’comes into leaf in early March and then blooms. Usually 3–6 fruits come out of every flower bud. The longitudinal diameter of fruit is 2–4 cm，and the fruit weight is 3–5 g. The fruit matures while it turns purple brown in early May，and lasted for 45 d，with fruit yield of 48 000 kg ? hm-2. Anthocyanin content in fruits is up to 1.97 g ? kg-1. Protein content is 2.26%. Total sugar content is 1.81%，and total acid content is 5.08 g ? kg-1. This cultivar has wide adaptability and strong resistance，and is suitable for cultivation in Anhui Province.
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• A New Carya cathayensis Cultivar‘Zhelinshan 3’
• XIA Guohua1，WANG Zhengjia1，DING Lizhong2，ZHANG Qiuyue3，and HUANG Jianqin1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 603-604. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0404
• Abstract ( 324 ) HTML ( 623 ) PDF (1232KB) ( 623 ) 　　　
• The new early-ripening hickory cultivar‘Zhelinshan 3’was selected from the wild seedlings of Carya cathayensis in Tianmu Mountain area，Zhejiang，China. The fruit matures in late August to early September in Lin’an area. The average nut weight is 3.98 g. Nut shape index is 1.08. Kernel percent is 43.79%. The kernel total fat content is 68.73%. It has the properties of early-ripening，good quality，high yield，with extensive adaptability and strong resistance. The new cultivar is appropriate to be planted in sandy loam to clay loam with deep，fertile and good drainage in the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces，China.
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• A New Tomato Hybrid‘Longfan 12’Special for Protected Cultivation
• HU Zhifeng，SHAO Jingcheng*，and ZHANG Shaoli
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 605-606. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0645
• Abstract ( 235 ) HTML ( 608 ) PDF (982KB) ( 608 ) 　　　
• ‘Longfan 12’is a new hybrid tomato. It is of infinite-growth-type and medium-late maturity. The first flower sets on the 7–8th nods. The matured fruits are pink in color and round in shape. The average single fruit weight is 205.1 g. The fruits has good hardness. The soluble solids content is 5.07%. The yield is about 120 t ? hm-2 in protected fields. It is resistant to early blight and leaf mold in field. It is suitable for protected cultivation in North of China.
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• A New Hedychium Cultivar‘Jianbian’
• HU Xiu*，WU Yongqing，JI Bingbing，HUANG Jiaqi，ZHOU Jing，and LIU Nian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 607-608. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0679
• Abstract ( 221 ) HTML ( 659 ) PDF (1055KB) ( 659 ) 　　　
• ‘Jianbian’is a hybrid of Hedychium coronarium J. K?nig and Hedychium puerense Y. Y. Qian. With erect leaf-stem，pleasant Jasimin fragrance，flowers turns from white into yellow when bloom，‘Jianbian’has a high ornamental value.
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• New Gentiana macrophylla Cultivars‘Longqin 1’and‘Longqin 2’
• WEI Lixia1,2,*，WANG Guoxiang1,2，QI Yanling1，LI Yuping1，PENG Yunxia1,2，and GONG Chengwen1,2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(3): 609-610. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0244
• Abstract ( 245 ) HTML ( 555 ) PDF (2805KB) ( 555 ) 　　　
• With wild and introduced germplasm resources as original parent，2 Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae cultivars were bred. The stem color and corolla color of‘Longqin 1’is light green and light blue，respectively，and the taproot is clear and thick which twists and forms a subcylindrical shape. The stem color and corolla color of‘Longqin 2’is purple and royal purple，respectively，and the taproot is clear and thick as well. Two cultivars show good adaptability and superior yields. The medicinal materials yield could be as high as 3 000 kg ? hm-2 of dry weight. The content of gentiopicroside，which is the effective medicinal ingredient is 9.9% and 11.8%，respectively，significantly higher than 2.0% regulated by Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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