Fruit Trees

• Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of the Ethylene Signaling Related Gene MdEIL1 in Apple
• SU Ling，WANG Shu-hui，HAO Yu-jin，WANG Xiao-fei*，and YOU Chun-xiang*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 409-418. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0830
• Abstract ( 344 ) HTML ( 1361 ) PDF (1910KB) ( 1361 ) 　　　

• An ethylene signal relative transcription factor named MdEIL1 was cloned from Malus × domestic‘Royal Gala’. Sequence analysis showed that MdEIL1 contained 1 980 nucleotides，which encoded a protein containing 658 amino acids. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that MdEIL1 belonged to EIN3/EIL transcription factor family proteins. qRT-PCRs analysis indicated that MdEIL1 has different levels of expression in apple’s roots，stems，leaves，flowers and fruits，and was induced by ethylene，auxin and cytokinin hormones hormones in plants. We obtained the recombinant MdEIL1 protein by Prokaryotic expression，which was essential for protein functional identification in vitro. Ectopic expression of MdEIL1 in Arabidopsis can partially enhance ethylene response，which exhibited the short hypocotyl in darkness and expression of AtERF1 was improved in the MdEIL1 overexpressing transgenic lines.

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• Expression Analysis of the SUPERMAN Family Genes in Apple（Malus × domestica Borkh.）and Function Analysis of MdSUP3
• XU Ke，LIU Na，XIE Xuan，and ZHU Yuan-di*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 419-430. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0705
• Abstract ( 311 ) HTML ( 813 ) PDF (3526KB) ( 813 ) 　　　

• Semi-quantitative RT-PCR technique were used to reveal the expression patterns of MdSUPs in leaf buds，young leaves，flower buds，unopened flowers，flowers，bark tissue and young fruits of Malus × domestica Borkh.‘Fuji’. Expression of GUS driven by MdSUP3 native promoter and ectopic over-expression of the MdSUP3 gene were adopted to analyze the function of this gene. The results showed that the expressions of MdSUP3，MdSUP11 and MdSUP9a were detected in all tested tissues. MdSUP9b mainly expressed in vegetative organs，while MdSUP5a and MdSUP1b mainly expressed in reproductive organs. The GUS expression was observed mainly in roots，young leaves，young stems and flower organs in the transgenic Arabidopsis. Over expression of MdSUP3 in tobacco induced morphological changes，such as dwarfism，shortened internodes，curly leaves，changed flower color and abnormal floral organs. The expression levels of the NtNCED3-2 related to ABA biosynthesis and NtDFR2and NtANS1 related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were significantly increased while NtCKX（cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase）and a gibberelin 2-oxidase gene NtGA2ox4 were significantly decreased in the transgenic tobacco plants compared to that in the wild types. Over-expression of the MdSUP3 without the DLELRL motif did not generated morphological changes in transgenic tobacco plants，which indicated that DLELRL motif was essential for the function of MdSUP3.

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• Effects of Root Restriction on Contents of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Compouds in‘Kyoho’Grapevine at Veraison and Maturation Stage
• DUAN Shu-yan，WU Yu-sen，GAO Zhen，LUO Meng，WANG Shi-ping，SONG Shi-ren，ZHANG Cai-xi，and XU Wen-ping*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 434-440. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0655
• Abstract ( 366 ) HTML ( 974 ) PDF (710KB) ( 974 ) 　　　
• ‘Kyoho’grapevine cultured under root restriction for 3 years were studied for the various character of contents of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds with the vines cultured with traditional methods as the control. Contents of physiological indexs such as sugar，starch，total nitrogen and amino acids in different vegetative organs were investigated at veraison and harvest stage. The results showed that compared with the control，shoot length and leaf areas were reduced significantly under root restriction，whereas the soluble solids content in berry was higher than that in the control. Root restricted grapevines had the higher sugar and starch contents in the root，trunk and shoots than the control，however，the content of total amino acids under root restriction was only half of that in the control. In addition，content of the total nitrogen，NO3--N，NH4+-N and all amino acid content except arginine，were lower than that in the control. Therefore，it is suggested that the nitrogen uptake and amino acid synthesisin xylem sap were inhibited by root restriction at veraison and harvest stage，which might lead to accelerate more photosynthetic products shipped to fruits and promote the accumulation of sugar in berries.
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• Analysis of Karyotype and GISH of the Hybrid from Citrus grandis‘Shatianyou’and C. ichangensis
• YANG Xing，WANG Ying，ZHAO Qian，DANG Jiang-bo，LIANG Guo-lu，LI Xiao-lin，SUN Hai-yan，and XIANG Su-qiong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 441-450. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0620
• Abstract ( 384 ) HTML ( 895 ) PDF (4167KB) ( 895 ) 　　　
• Combination of hybridization and polyploidy have always been important means of Citrus breeding. Both allotetraploid and allodiploid of C. grandis‘Shatianyou’× C. ichangensis were obtained by the above two methods. The genetic composition of these materials were analysed through karyotype analysis and genomic in situ hybridization（GISH）. The chromosome types，number and distribution of satellites，arm ratio，relative length of chromosome of 11 materials were compared and showed karyological variations. The exsitence，number and distribution of the satellite had obvious diversity. Compared with the parents，the allotetraploid and allodiploid had no significant chromosome structural variation. However，different karyotypes showed that there existed chromosome recombination and slight variation of chromosome structure during the process of hybridization and polyploidy formation. The results of GISH revealed that allotetraploid（CSY）and allodiploid（SY）indeed are the hybrid of C. grandis‘Shatianyou’and C. ichangensis. Meanwhile the number of chromosomes with stronger signals on thetop region was the half of somatic cell，indicating they could be derived from the probe parental chromosomes. The chromosomes origin of CSY and SY can be basically distinguished by GISH. The preliminary analysis of karyotype and GISH of the different ploidy materials provided cytogenetics data for Citrus genetics and breeding research. Moreover，the application of genomic in situ hybridization technique in Citrus played an important role for the Citrus genome composition in the future.
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• Morphological Key Period Study on Floral Sex Differentiation in Pollination-constant and Non-astringent Persimmon‘Zenjimaru’
• LI Jia-ru，SUN Peng，HAN Wei-juan，LI Fang-dong，FU Jian-min*，and DIAO Song-feng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 451-461. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0732
• Abstract ( 247 ) HTML ( 594 ) PDF (8022KB) ( 594 ) 　　　
• In order to investigate the morphological key period of floral sex differentiation of persimmon（Diospyros kaki Thunb.），male and female floral buds in different developmental stages of monoecious persimmon cultivar‘Zenjimaru’was respectively observed through paraffin section method and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the whole development process of both male and female floral buds could be divided into 11 stages ranging from June to May of the next year. There were two morphological key periods about floral sex differentiation in‘Zenjimaru’. One was mid-June （stage 2）with the initiation of sepal primordia，when male flower formed a cymose structure，while only the terminal flower primordium developed in female flower. The other important developmental phase was mid-April（stage 8）with the initiation of megaspore and microspore，during which stamen primordia in female flowers arrested after the filaments differentiated and the pistil primordia in male flowers also arrested after the stigma and style developed，which led to the formation of unisexual flowers.
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Vegetables

• Effect of Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant System of Cucumber Leaves Under Low Temperature in Solar-Greenhouse
• ZHOU Chao-fan，WU Guo-xiu，LI Ting，BI Huan-gai，LI Qing-ming，and AI Xi-zhen*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 462-472. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0808
• Abstract ( 398 ) HTML ( 642 ) PDF (752KB) ( 642 ) 　　　
• The purpose of this paper is to investigate the regulation mechanism of exogenous hydrogen sulfide（H2S）on chilling tolerance in cucumber（Cucumis sativa L.）plants.‘Jinyou 3’cucumber plants were used as materials. The respond of H2S to temperature and the effect of sodium hydrosulfide（NaHS，the donor of H2S）on photosynthesis and antioxidant system in cucumber were investigated，with distilled water as the control. The results showed that H2S content and D-/L-cysteine desulfhydrase（CDes）activity increased at first and then decreased as the temperature decreased and lasted. Low temperature led to decrease in photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），transpiration rate（Tr），ribulose bisphosphate carboxylic enzyme（RuBPCase）activity，maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in darkness（Fv/Fm），actual photochemical efficiency of PSII（ΦPSII），electron transport rate（ETR）and photochemical quenching（qP），while increase in intercellular CO2 concentration（Ci），initial fluorescence（Fo）and non-photochemical quenching（NPQ）. Low temperature increased malondialdehyde （MDA）content. The superoxide dismutase （SOD），peroxidase（POD），catalase （CAT），ascorbate peroxidase（APX）and glutathione reductase（GR）activities increased in the early days of chilling stress，but subsequently decreased. Compared with the control，the NaHS treated leaves showed significantly higher H2S content，CDes activity，Pn，Gs，Tr，RuBPCase activity，Fv/Fm，ΦPSII，ETR and qP，whereas markedly lower Ci，Fo and NPQ. NaHS caused a significant decrease in MDA content，but an increase in SOD，POD，CAT，APX and GR activities. The yield of NaHS-treated cucumber plants was 15.3% higher than that of the control. This indicated that H2S which is catalyzed by CDes was induced by chilling stress. Exogenous H2S can enhance the ROS scavenging activity，and alleviate the injury of photosynthetic apparatus in cucumber leaves against low temperature.
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• Effect of Low Phosphorus Stress on Root Growth and Soil Bacterial Diversity in Rhizosphere of Tomatoes
• LI Rong-tan1，YAO Hua-kai1，LIU Yue-fei1，and YANG Shang-dong1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 473-484. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0919
• Abstract ( 417 ) HTML ( 766 ) PDF (1330KB) ( 766 ) 　　　
• Based on the traditional and modern analyzed techniques，such as WinRHIZO root analysis system，dilution-plate method，PCR-DGGE etc.，the effect of low phosphorus stress on root growth，soil microbial properties and bacterial diversity under low phosphorus stress were analyzed. The results showed that the root length，surface area，volume and tip number were all decreased under low phosphorus stress. Additionally，soil microbial biomass，enzyme activities，microbial biomass（C，N，P）and soil bacterial diversity index（H），richness（S）and evenness index（Eh）were all also decreased under low phosphorus stress. However，some bacteria groups，such as Methyl bacterium（sp.），which have the function of soluble phosphorus，disappear in rhizosphere soil under low phosphorus stress condition. Moreover，it indicated that the degradation of soil fertility and soil bacterial community structure in rhizosphere were the main reason for the poor growth of tomatoes. The balance fertilization has an important function in improving the growth of tomatoes，soil fertility and health.
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• Analysis the Genetic Diversity of Processing Tomato in China
• LIU Xi-yan，ZHENG Zheng，DENG Xue-bin，FENG Jing-jing，BAI Jin-rui，SONG Yan，LIU Lei，and LI Jun-ming*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 485-495. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0898
• Abstract ( 325 ) HTML ( 873 ) PDF (1656KB) ( 873 ) 　　　
• Based on the information of the established core collection，genetic diversity of 615 typical accessions representing 50 years of breeding program selected from a collection of 3 026 processing tomato inbred lines was analyzed and compared by using 16 phenotypes and 81 polymorphic markers（13 SSR，24 InDel and 44 SNP）. The results indicate that all inbred lines were divided into two groups by either phenotypes or genotypes，and show the consistent results by each other. Furthermore these two groups could be classified into 7 and 6 sub-groups respectively. When compared to the categories respectively obtained from both phenotypes and genotypes，we found that most of the early released inbred lines were clustered in groupⅠwhile the developed modern lines were involved randomly in both groupⅠandⅡ. It hints that the newly inbred lines showed much more diverse than the old population. In addition，SNP markers show more polymorphic than SSR and InDel markers as indicated by allele number，gene diversity and polymorphism information content.
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• Floral Dynamic and Mating System of Diploid Allium caeruleum from Tianchi，Tianshan Mountains
• YE Yuan-rong1,2，LIN Chen-yi1,2,*，LIU Meng-jie1，XIE Jing-jing1，MA Xiao-bei1,2，and SHENG Yang-da1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 496-506. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0951
• Abstract ( 366 ) HTML ( 581 ) PDF (9092KB) ( 581 ) 　　　
• The diploid of Allium caeruleum，distributed in Tianchi，Tianshan Mountains，was observed as the research materials. The flowering process，the pollen viability and the stigma receptivity of A. caeruleum were recorded and detected，and the mating system was estimated by using emasculation，bagging and artificial pollination methods. The results showed that（1）the average diameter of umbel was（29.07 ± 1.17）mm；tepals were sky blue and flowering period was from June to August；bisexual florets was intensive and without bulbils，and the average quantity of florets was 205.67 ± 19.88；the floret experienced morphological changes of bullet，open mouth，spit anther，unfold，cohesion and wilting，which lasted 5–7 d；the anthers and the stigma existed spatial isolation in the process of floret opening and there were 12 dynamic changes that was from the first anther extending to all of six anthers shedding and from stigma elongation to wilting was needed 2–3 d，respectively；Under cloudy weather the anthers dehiscence were increased and the stigma wilting was delayed 0.5–1 d，respectively. The floral syndrome of A. caeruleum was protandry，dichogamy and herkogamy to prevent self-pollination.（2）The pollen viability was 79.23% ± 1.97% after the anther dehiscence 4 h. The pollen viability was within 36 h. A. caeruleum belonged to the short life pollen.（3）The stigma receptivity was detected by both the MTT and the benzidine hydrogen peroxide methods；when filaments equaled to the style the stigma receptivity was to be detected partially，and when filaments over passed the style the stigma receptivity was to be detected totally. The partial overlap of the stamens and pistils could prevent the failure of cross hybridization.（4）The single flower of A. caeruleum had 31 275 ± 3 651 pollens and six ovules；the ratio of pollen to ovule（P/O）was 5 212 ± 608 and the out-crossing index（OCI）was 5. The detection results of mating system showed that A. caeruleum has no spontaneous self-pollinating phenomenon and there was no wind pollination and apomixes. It tends to be outcrossing and selfing fertility. It has outcrossing and mixed mating system features and needs floral visits. The diploid A. caeruleum from Tianchi also take the seed dormancy and asexual propagation compensation strategies to ensure the population reproduction successfully.
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• Heme Oxygenase-1（HO-1）Promote Anthocyanin Accumulation in the Hypocotyl of Radish Sprouts
• LIU Yuan-yuan，CHEN Qin，LI Na，TIAN Ji-yuan，XIE Yan-jie，and CUI Jin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 507-514. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0693
• Abstract ( 354 ) HTML ( 925 ) PDF (1140KB) ( 925 ) 　　　
• The aim of this study was to investigate whether HO-1 could affect anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish sprouts（Raphanus sativus L.）and its related mechanism. The results indicated that pre-treatment with Hemin，a inducer of heme oxygenase-1（HO-1），the content of anthocyanin was obviously increased，however，pre-treament with zinc protoporphyrin（ZnPPIX），a potent inhibitor of HO-1，we found a notable decreasing in anthocyanin accumulation. In addition，the expression of the main regulatory gene PAP1 and structural genes PAL，CHS，CHI，F3H and DFR associated with anthocyanin synthesis were significantly improved when treated with Hemin. These results suggest that heme oxygenase-1 can promote the production of anthocyanin and this up-regulation was achieved by enhancing the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-associated genes.
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Ornamental Plants

• Kinetic Characteristics of Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake by Cerasus cerasoides Cuttings and Seedlings
• ZHU Kai-yuan，LIU Hui-chun*，ZHOU Jiang-hua，ZOU Qing-cheng，MA Guang-ying，and ZHANG Jia-qiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 515-524. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0434
• Abstract ( 280 ) HTML ( 802 ) PDF (732KB) ( 802 ) 　　　
• Cuttings and seedlings of Cerasus cerasoides[D. Don]Sok were soaked for 24 h under hydroponic condition，where exogenous ammonium-nitrogen（N）and nitrate-N were supplied at concentration concentration-ratios of 5︰0，4︰1，3︰2，2︰3，and 1︰4. Thereafter，materials both seedlings and cuttings were sampled to detect their responses of N uptake kinetics. Results revealed that：with the decline of concentration concentration-ratio of ammonium to nitrate，net flux rate of ammonium-N decreased but that of nitrate-N increased，whilst net flux rate of total inorganic N for cuttings increased to be [（6.70 ± 0.34）μmol ? h-1] until the concentration ratio of 3︰2，and that for seedlings increased to be [（14.88 ± 1.99）μmol ? h-1] at the concentration ratio of 1︰4；Overall，net flux rate of total inorganic N incuttings[（4.76 ± 1.29）μmol ? h-1]was lower than that in seedlings[（12.95 ± 1.35）μmol ? h-1]（P < 0.05），but the difference of net uptake rate of N ions between cuttings and seedlings（32–34 μmol ? h-1 ? g-1）was not significant；Estimated parameters of nutrient uptake kinetics indicated that cuttings preferred the uptake of nitrate-N，but seedlings preferred the uptake of ammonium-N. However，when the concentration-ratio of ammonium to nitrate was lower than 4︰1 both propagation types preferred the uptake of nitrate-N. In conclusion，manipulations controlling the concentration ratio of ammonium to nitrate around 3︰2 could promote the uptake of inorganic N by cuttings，and the ratio of 2︰3 would benefit for the uptake of N by seedlings.
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• Cloning and Characterization of Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase（C4H）Genes from Osmanthus fragrans
• ZENG Xiang-ling，ZHENG Ri-ru，LUO Jing，and WANG Cai-yun*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 525-537. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0625
• Abstract ( 393 ) HTML ( 1202 ) PDF (1282KB) ( 1202 ) 　　　
• According to the expressed sequence tags from transcriptome assembly and RACE method，two cinnamate 4-hydroxylase genes，which are the second key enzymes involving in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis，were obtained from petals of Osmanthus fragrans. The ORF of these two C4H genes were separately 1 518 bp and 1 611 bp，encoded 505 and 536 amino acids and named OfC4H1 （GenBank No. KR861466）and OfC4H2（GenBank No. KF254842）. Phylogenetic analysis showed that OfC4H1 protein was clustered together with Petunia hybrida C4H1 and C4H2，and belonged to ClassⅠ type，whereas OfC4H2 protein was clustered with Lonicera japonica C4H in ClassⅡ type. Multi-alignment of OfC4Hs proteins of several plants found that OfC4H1 and OfC4H2 had the characteristic conservative domains of the C4H family，and special conserved domains which were different in ClassⅠand ClassⅡ C4H. The results of time and space expression patterns by real-time PCRshowed that OfC4H1 had the highest amount of expression in the petals. While OfC4H2 displayed higher expression in green tissues including peduncles，pistils and young leaves，comparing to petals. By constructing prokaryotic expression vector pET6xHN-C4H1 and pET6xHN-C4H2，and transforming into Escherichia coli Transetta（DE3），the result showed that the target proteins can be well expressed in the prokaryotic expression system，and consistent with the expected size，but unable to enzyme activity analysis due to the low solubility of the recombinant proteins.
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Research Notes

• Development and Application of a Quantitative RT-PCR Approach for Quantification of Grapevine fanleaf virus
• ZHOU Jun，FAN Xu-dong，DONG Ya-feng*，ZHANG Zun-ping，HU Guo-jun，REN Fang，and LI Zheng-nan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 538-548. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0946
• Abstract ( 364 ) HTML ( 847 ) PDF (1233KB) ( 847 ) 　　　
• To establish high sensitivity and relative quantitative method of Grapevine fanleaf virus （GFLV），the SYBR Green RT-PCR real time fluorescence quantitative method of FL-HP for GFLV was established by using primer screen and system optimization. The results showed that a good linear correlation（R2 = 0.998）obtained from standard curve of cDNA，and the amplification efficiency was 100%. Sensitivity of real-time quantitative RT-PCR method was at least 100 times higher than that with conventional RT-PCR and 10 times higher than that with nested RT-PCR，respectively. Three-time repeats revealed that the coefficients of variation between the intra- and inter-assay were both within 2.59%，indicating a reproducibility detection method to GFLV. The stability test results showed that EF1α and GAPDH gene of grape has high stability. Real-time RT-PCR method was used to determine the content ofGFLV in 12 different grape plants and to detect a large number of grape samples（58）. There was noticeable differences among the content of GFLV in 12 field samples，the highest content can reach to 81 245.5 times than the lowest，in the 58 samples，the real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR method can detect more GFLV isolates than DAS-ELASA and RT-nPCR.
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• Effects of Fruit Load on Absorption，Distribution and Utilization of N in the Dwarf Apple
• DING Ning1，CHEN Jian-ming1，FENG Yan-guang1，SHA Jian-chuan1，ZHANG Min2，and JIANG Yuan-mao1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 549-556. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0889
• Abstract ( 317 ) HTML ( 664 ) PDF (659KB) ( 664 ) 　　　
• 以5年生‘烟富3’/M26/平邑甜茶为试材，采用15N同位素示踪技术，研究不同负载量对氮素吸收、分配及利用的影响。结果表明：与高负载量[对照，单株留果量（120 ± 8）个]相比，中负载量（2/3负载量）和低负载量（1/3负载量）植株的叶面积、叶绿素含量、叶片总氮量和单果质量显著增加，平均单果质量分别增加了19.02%和37.38%，但其平均单株产量却显著降低。3个处理各器官的Ndff值表现一致，果实的Ndff值最大，其次是一年生枝、叶片和根；随着负载量的增加，果实的Ndff值增大，一年生枝、叶片及根的Ndff值减小。高负载量、2/3负载量和1/3负载量单株总氮量和15N利用率分别为65.85 g和19.59%、70.96 g和22.01%、92.67 g和26.13%；高负载量、2/3负载量和1/3负载量果实15N分配率分别为35.32%、18.18%和8.40%，一年生枝、叶片和根的15N分配率则随着负载量的增加而减小。疏果（2/3负载量和1/3负载量）虽然降低单株产量但显著改善果实品质，显著提高氮肥利用率，综合效益，以2/3负载量，即单株留果量为（80 ± 7）个最好。
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• Analysis on SSR Information in Transcriptome and Development of Molecular Markers in Lonicera caerulea
• ZHANG Qing-tian，LI Xiao-yan，YANG Yi-ming，FAN Shu-tian，and AI Jun*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 557-563. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0659
• Abstract ( 292 ) HTML ( 1248 ) PDF (877KB) ( 1248 ) 　　　
• Forty-five thousand six hundred and fifty-six unigenes from fruit transcriptome of Lonicera caerulea L. were screened using MISA software. A total of 14 841 SSRs that occurred in 11 251 unigenes were identified，and the frequency of these SSRs was 32.51% and mean distance was 2.58 kb in the unigenes. Mononucleotide，dinucleotide and trinucleotide were major types，accounting for 34.81%，42.79% and 20.64%，respectively. The dinucleotide repeat motifs of AG/CT were the predominant repeat types（27.2%）. The trinucleotide repeat motifs of AAG/CTT were the predominant repeat types（6.18%）. Twenty-one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven pairs of SSR primers were designed using Primer 3.0. Randomly 20 pairs of primers were selected for PCR amplification，8 amplified on clear and reproducible bands，5 in 16 different types showed polymorphism in materials. Sixteen plants were divided into 3 groups by UPGMA. Abundant SSR polymorphisms provide more reliable markers for Lonicera caerulea L.fruit genetic diversity analysis and genetic map construction.
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• The Identification of Interaction with PAP3 and PPI Protein in Pepper
• MA Ning，LIU Chen，WANG Ru-fang，and SHEN Huo-lin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 564-570. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2014-0058
• Abstract ( 336 ) HTML ( 809 ) PDF (986KB) ( 809 ) 　　　
• In MADS-box family，PAP3 and PPI gene jointly control the growth of petals and stamen. Both of them are class B genes，which in charge of dominating floral organ development. In order to verify PAP3 protein and PPI protein interaction furtherly，yeast two-hybrid system was used in this study，we constructed yeast expression vectors pGBKT7-PPI and pGADT7-PAP3 transformed into corresponding AH109 yeast cells，and made sure that they did not appear the self-activation and toxicity. The yeast zygote diploids（pGBKT7-PPI × pGADT7-PAP3）exhibit on selective agar plates；Meanwhile，we used fusion GST-PAP3 protein and His-PPI protein perform the vitro GST-Pull down technology in this study. The two experimental results showed that specific interactions between PAP3 protein and PPI protein.
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• Genetic Studies on Watermelon Mutant with Dwarf Vine and Small Fruit
• LI Guo-shen，XU Ai-jiao，DONG Wei，and LI Yu-ge*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 571-577. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0754
• Abstract ( 413 ) HTML ( 901 ) PDF (1644KB) ( 901 ) 　　　
• A watermelon mutant with dwarf vine and small fruit（named as dsh）was identified from a normal watermelon line‘Hanxuan Lüyuan’. Morphological observed and comparative analysis on the vine length and fruit weight measurements in the mature stage showed that the vine length，internode length and fruit weight of dsh were significant（P < 0.05）lower than those of the normal plants. The mutant was crossed with its wild type line and another watermelon variety with the normal vine length，and these two F1 was self-crossed and backcrossed with dsh，the different generations of F1，F2 and BC population were obtained. Analysis on the vine type and fruit weight of different generations showed that F1 were plants with long vine and normal fruit weight，and the segregation ratios of 3∶1（P > 0.05）and 1∶1（P > 0.05）in F2 and BC populations suggested that the short vine and small fruit trait was inherited as a single recessive nuclear gene and the inheritance modal was agreement with Mendel’s law.
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• Analysis on SSR Information in Transcriptome and the Polymorphism of Cucurbita maxima
• WANG Yang-yang，SHAN Wen-qi，XU Wen-long，CUI Chong-shi，and QU Shu-ping*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 578-586. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0932
• Abstract ( 476 ) HTML ( 1135 ) PDF (1134KB) ( 1135 ) 　　　
• A total of 131 960 unigenes（90.80 Mb）were obtained by using transcriptome sequenceing analysis in Cucurbita maxima，and 12 557 simple sequence repeat（SSR）loci（9.52%）with the frequency of 1/7.4 kb were then identified. Among all SSR loci，dinucleotide repeat was the main type（49.82%），followed by trinucleotide repeat motif（45.31%）. A total of 7 290 SSR primers were designed and 20 primers were selected randomly for PCR amplification using 30 pumpkin materials with different sources. Results showed that 14 primers could produce clear and reproductive bands，within which 11 SSR markers performed polymorphical bands. The pumpkin materials could be divided into five groups according to the UPGMA analysis. Results of this present study indicated that SSR markers with high frequency and various types could be acquired by transcriptome sequencing. The SSR markers obtained in the present study could be candidate markers for genetic diversity analysis and genetic mapping construction in Cucurbita maxima.
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• Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on Active Oxygen Metabolism in Ginger Leaves Under Drought Stress
• WANG Yun，ZHANG Yi，LIU Can-yu，ZHANG Zhi-huan，CAO Bi-li，and XU Kun*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 587-594. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0034
• Abstract ( 366 ) HTML ( 1267 ) PDF (701KB) ( 1267 ) 　　　
• To investigate the physiological mechanism of exogenous abscisic acid（ABA）regulation of drought stress of ginger，the effects of active oxygen metabolism in ginger leaves applied ABA（0.05 mmol ? L-1）solution was studied with a ginger（Zingiber officinale Roscoe）cultivar‘Laiwu Ginger’by using the method of sand culture and 5% PEG simulating drought. The results showed that regardless of the water status，exogenous ABA significantly increased the content of endogenous ABA in ginger leaves，especially for the one under drought stress，meanwhile，exogenous ABA was found to be beneficial to holding relative water content in ginger leaves. At the early state of the application of exogenous ABA，the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），catalase（CAT）were enhanced markedly，which significantly reduced the . productivity rate and H2O2 content and delayed the increase of MDA content，at the last state of the application of exogenous ABA，although theAbstract. activity of antioxidant enzyme in ginger leaves of ABA treatment decreased with the prolongation of treatment time，the level of reactive oxygen of ABA treatment was still significantly lower than those under single drought stress，so was the MDA content. The results suggested that exogenous 0.05 mmol ? L-1 ABA is favorable to maintain the active oxygen metabolism and decrease the level of membrane lipid peroxidation，which enhance the ability of resisting drought stress in ginger leaves.
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• Characteristics of Peroxidase from Agaricus bisporus and Its Relationship with Browning
• Lü Qiang，ZHU Ji-ying，and WANG Xiang-you*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 595-602. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0787
• Abstract ( 392 ) HTML ( 692 ) PDF (703KB) ( 692 ) 　　　

• In order to study the effects of peroxidase（POD）on browning of Agaricus bisporus，the POD enzymatic characteristics and the relationship of POD activity and browning were analyzed. Results showed that the Michaelis constant Km of POD was 5.704 mmol ? L-1，and the appropriate pH and reaction temperature were 5.0 and 45 ℃，respectively，under the condition of guaiacol as the substrate. Low temperature could significantly inhibit POD activity，the relative activities of POD at 20 ℃ and 10 ℃ were 68% and 55%，respectively，while there was no significant difference of POD activities from 2 ℃ to 10 ℃. Compared with 10 ℃，the POD activities of Agaricus bisporus under 20 ℃ at 1 and 2 d were increased by 4.8 and 10.9 fold，respectively. Dithiothreitol（DTT）had the strongest inhibition on POD activity，followed by ascorbic acid（AsA），L-cysteine（L-Cys），sodium lauryl sulfate（SDS），anhydrous sodium sulfite，citric acid and NaCl. During storage，there was no significant difference in the browning degree between Agaricus bisporus treated by inhibitor and controlled atmospheres，while POD activity of Agaricus bisporus treated by inhibitor was much higher，which indicated that high POD activity was not the main factor for Agaricus bisporus browning.

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New Cultivars

• A New Pear Dwarfing Rootstock Cultivar‘Zhongai 5’
• OU Chun-qing，JIANG Shu-ling*，WANG Fei，MA Li，LI Lian-wen，HAO Ning-ning，and JIA Jing-xian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 603-604. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0447
• Abstract ( 345 ) HTML ( 978 ) PDF (1491KB) ( 978 ) 　　　

• ‘Zhongai 5’is a new pear dwarfing rootstock variety which was selected from the seedling progenies of‘Jinxiang’. It is dwarf and compact，and one year old tree is about 17.3% height of the vigorous‘Zaosu’pear tree. As interstock，it had a good compatibility with rootstocks and scions，and it could evidently make the grafted tree more dwarfing，earlier fruiting，and better harvest.‘Zhongai 5’has a good resistant to pear branch ring rot and rot disease. It is hardy and there is no freeze injury around Xingcheng aeres of Liaoning Province. It is suitable for using in the central and south areas of Liaoning Province as dwarfing interstock.

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• A New Red Fleshed Pitaya Cultivar‘Qianguo 1’
• WANG Bin1,*，ZHENG Wei1，CAI Yong-qiang1，YUAN Jian-qi2，ZHANG Yong-zhong3，PAN Xi4，JIANG Peng3，SU Zhou3，and JIAN Xue-qun3
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 605-606. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0764
• Abstract ( 415 ) HTML ( 1069 ) PDF (1224KB) ( 1069 ) 　　　
• ‘Qianguo 1’is new red flesh pitaya cultivar selected from‘Zihonglong’. It growth strong. The fruit is oval，calyx end opening is small and deep，not easy to crack. Fruit coloring，strong flavor. Fruit big，the average fruit weight is about 460 g，the biggest fruit is 786 g，feed rate is 81.6%，the soluble solids content is 13.6% and the titratable acid is 0.37%. Each year 8 to 10 batches of blossom fruit.
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• New Rose Cultivars Rosa‘Tianxiang’,‘Tianshan Baixue’,‘Tianshan Taoyuan’,‘Tianshanzhiguang’and‘Tianshanzhixing’
• YANG Shu-hua，LI Qiu-xiang，JIA Rui-dong，HUANG Shan-wu，and GE Hong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 607-608. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0637
• Abstract ( 365 ) HTML ( 998 ) PDF (961KB) ( 998 ) 　　　
• Five new rose cultivars were selected from the interspecific hybridization between the modern rose cultivars and the stress-resistant wild species Rosa beggeriana. There were Rosa‘Tianxiang’with dark-pink double flowers and strong aroma，Rosa‘Tianshan Baixüe’with white semi-double flowers，Rosa‘Tianshan Taoyuan’with pink semi-double flowers，Rosa‘Tianshanzhiguang’with white double flowers. However，Rosa‘Tianshanzhixing’presented a strong aroma and the small pink-red semi-double flowers with the diameter of 5–6 cm. All cultivars exhibited the vigorous growth，large canopy and strong cold resistance，which could be applied as typical shrub roses for landscaping of gardens，parklands and roads.
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• A New Lagerstroemia indica Cultivar‘Jinhuang’
• WANG Shu-an1，WANG Peng2，YANG Ru-tong2，WANG Qing2，LI Lin-fang2，LI Ya2,*，and YIN Zeng-fang1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2016, 43(3): 609-610. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0908
• Abstract ( 400 ) HTML ( 744 ) PDF (1419KB) ( 744 ) 　　　
• Lagerstroemia indica‘Jinhuang’is a new colored-leaf cultivar which is selected from a bud mutation in Lagerstroemia indica‘Fenjing’. The young leaves of‘Jinghuang’are purple red（63A）and mature leaves of‘Jinghuang’are golden yellow（9A）. Its flower color is brightly pink （N57C）. The diameter of flower head is about 3.8–4.5 cm. Its claw is dark pink（N57B）.
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