GA3ox genes can transform several inactive gibberellin to the physiological active in plant gibberellin anabolism. VvGA3ox gene families were cloned from seed（cv. Pinot Noir）and seedless（cv. Thompson Seedless）grape varieties. We performed gene structure analysis，chromosome mapping analysis and phylogenetic analysis，and also investigated expression patterns of VvGA3ox genes in various grape organs and at different stages of ovule development. In this study，3 GA3ox genes（VvGA3ox1–VvGA3ox3）were identified in the grape genome. These 3 genes all contain two extrons and one intron  whose cDNA sequence length was 1 313，1 225 and 1 480 bp，respectively. Expression analysis of the grape VvGA3ox genes in various organs demonstrated that VvGA3ox1 exhibited a low level in ovule tissue which expressed a high level in root tissue，while VvGA3ox2 and VvGA3ox3 exhibited a higher level in flower and ovule tissues. The expression patterns of VvGA3ox genes were distinct during ovule development，VvGA3ox1 showed expression that up-regulated at the 30 DAF（day after full-bloom）and then down-regulated in cv. Pinot Noir and cv. Thompson Seedless grape. Expression of VvGA3ox2 in cv. Pinot Noir significantly up-regulated at the 20–30 DAF and down-regulated later，while the ovule expression in cv. Thompson Seedless was slowly down-regulated and then up-regulated. Expression of VvGA3ox2 in cv. Pinot Noir was gradually down-regulated. However，the expression in cv. Thompson Seedless was up-regulated at the 10–15 DAF and then down-regulated to the level that in cv. Pinot Noir. This research shows that VvGA3ox genes exist significant differences between seedless and seed varieties，which may be related to grape seedlessness.

Nine plasma membrane aquaporin genes named VhPIPs were cloned from wild Vitis quinquangularis and their bioinformatics features and tissue specificity expressions were studied in order to study the structural features of aquaporin gene in wild grape and its role in the process of drought resistance. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that these 9 VhPIP genes can be divided into 2 groups，PIP1 and PIP2，signal sequence SGGHINPAVT contain MIP protein family conserved and 2 NPA（Asn-Pro-Ala）units，every protein is stable and hydrophobic，and each VhPIP contains 6 trans membrane domains. The real-time RT-PCR result showed they expressed in roots，stems and leaves. And VhPIP1;1，VhPIP1;2，VhPIP1;4，VhPIP2;1，VhPIP2;2 and VhPIP2;4 had higher expression level in the roots of ‘Huaxi-9’than other tissues，they may be closely related to the regulation of root water transportation. VhPIP1;5 and VhPIP2;3 had the highest expression level in leaves，these 2 genes may be mainly related to  the water transportation and the transpiration of leaf. The expression level of VhPIP1;3 had no significance in roots，stems and leaves. Compared to the expression of other genes，VhPIP1;1 and VhPIP2;4 had the highest expression in roots，which indicated that they may play a greater role in the water transportation.

ACC oxidase is one of the key rate-limiting enzymes which functioned in the biosynthesis of ethylene. An ACO gene designated as VvACO1 was cloned from leaves in grape by RT-PCR. The open reading frame of VvACO1 was 957 bp encoding 318 amino acids. The VvACO1 protein contained typical conserved domain with leucine zipper，Fe²⁺ and ascorbate binding motif. The sequences of VvACO1 shared similarity of 87% and 84% with the ACOs from tobacco and tomato respectively. The transcriptional level of VvACO1 was different in different tissues or organs of grape and up-regulated by ethephon. Over-expression of VvACO1 in tomato showed earlier flowering and fruit ripening. Meanwhile，transgenic Arabidopsis showed that over-expression of VvACO1 caused decreased photosynthetic efficiency and Chl. a fluorescence intensity.

In order to provide scientific evidence of application in grown grass，combining with cultivating hairy vetch，the authors measured the change of soil organic，nutrition，and enzyme in plough layer，which was classified by cultivated-hairy vetch，grown-grass for 2，4 and 6 years，and the clean-cultivated apple orchard. The result showed that the plough layer，combined with hairy vetch and grown grass for 2，4 and 6 years，were higher than the control in aspects of soil organic matter，total N，available P and K，the microbial respiration and activity，and the number of active microbes. There were relatively differences in enzymes. The activity of the catalase was apparently lower than the control in rown grass for 2 years，comparing with grown grass for 4 years and grown grass for 6 years. The activities of phosphatase，urease and sucrose were notably higher than the control，yet rare individuals were indistinct. The carbon utilization capacity was lower than the control，including most individuals were not notable. However，other two types of soil were higher than the control in the carbon utilization capacity，and the difference reached the significant level or the super significant level. The results indicated that the method of planting hairy vetch and growing grass could help improve the soil fertility.

Strain L-30，with effective inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea and 10 other postharvest fruit diseases，was selected from rhizosphere of pear orchard by dual-culture method. The morphological characters and 16S rDNA sequence analysis were used to identify the selected strain. The mechanisms involved in the biocontrol process of strain L-30 against B. cinerea were also investigated. Results showed that the control efficacy of strain L-30 against pear gray mold reached 40% on ‘Huangguan’pears. Based on morphological characters and 16S rDNA sequence analysis，L-30 was identified as Streptomyces polychromogenes. The supernatant of strain L-30’s fermentation could effectively reduce the germination of B. cinerea spores，the inhibitory efficiency of its 100-fold dilution reached 50.14%. In addition，S. polychromogenes L-30 could significantly induce the resistance of‘Huangguan’pear against pear gray mold，and also increase the activities of peroxidase（POD），superoxide dismutase（SOD），catalase（CAT）and phenylalanine ammonia lyase（PAL）.

Twenty-one flowering time genes were found in Arabidopsis. To search out the corresponding homologous genes in nectarine，NCBI blast analysis was carried out. Twenty-one genes were classified into two groups of flowering promotor or inhibitor based on mutatant phenotype and annotation functions in Arabidopsis. We use seven-year-old‘Shuguang’nectarine flower buds as material and then define the period of dormancy including dormancy induction period，endo-dormancy and dormancy-release based on germination rate which measured by hydroponics. The results showed that the average weight per bud was a trend of steady in dormancy induction period and endo-dormancy and  then suddenly increased to 0.12 g after dormancy-release. The average weight per bud added up to maximum equal to 0.15 g in next year February 9. The water content of flower bud began to slowly fall from endo-dormancy to dormancy-release and reached the lowest level with the water content of 39% in dormancy-release. Later the water content of flower bud has risen steadily to 53%. Clustering analysis found that two types of gene expression pattern in dormancy process and the effect of genes on the flowering does not exist inevitable correlation. Furthermore，the gene expression patterns of the nectarine flower buds were analyzed during the period of dormancy（endo-dormancy and dormancy-release）by RT-PCR and the results were as follows. The expression of PpFT-like and PpCO-like were gradually increased，so they may be associated with chilling requirement accumulation. In addition，the expression of PpLSD1-like，PpFCA-like，PpDDL-like，PpFY-like，PpCCT-like，PpBBX3-like，PpELF8-like，PpAMP1-like，PpHUA2-like and PpHUB1-like was a trend of reduce after rising first and reach the highest level in dormancy-release which consist end with the process of flower bud dormancy-release. The results speculated that they may be involved in dormancy-release of the flower bud.

Papaya is a dioeciously herbaceous plant. Identification of flower-related genes gives us an opportunity to reveal the regulation mechanism in flowering and to improve the setting rate in papaya. In this study，the genome database of papaya was used to clone the CpFT1 gene and promoter sequences. The 525 bp CpFT1 gene sequence and 1 500 bp promoter sequence were obtained by PCR method. Sequence analysis showed that the CpFT1 gene has a 525 bp open reading frame（ORF）encoding 174 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree showed that CpFT1 and Fagus crenata FT are the closest in molecular evolution distance. Subcellular localization assays showed that the CpFT1 protein was located in the nucleus. Bioinformatics analysis showed that there were abscisic acid，gibberellin，salicylic acid and other responsive cis-acting elements in the CpFT1 promoter sequence. The expressions of CpFT1 gene in 3 different sex types of flowers，4 different flower developmental stages and various hormone treatments have been revealed by qRT-PCR method. In conclusion，the results indicate that the hormones including  abscisic acid and salicylic acid are involved in the regulation of the CpFT1 gene expression.

Wild type RR and ABA deletion mutant（sit）were used to elucidate the mechanism by which miRNAs response to abiotic stress mechanism in tomato（Lycopersicon esculentum L.）leaf. The expression of 6 miRNAs（miR160，miR162，miR166，miR1919，miR397 and miR6026）and their target mRNAs were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR（qRT-PCR）technology. The results show that under 15 ℃（night temperature），the ABA content of sit and RR were 60 ng · g^-1 and 120 ng · g^-1 respectively，while the opening of guard cells and stomata of sit were significantly greater than RR. The expression of all miRNAs decreased in sit plants compared to those of the RR plants treatment. And all their target mRNAs up-regulated other than miR1919. All miRNAs expression in sit increased significantly after 12 h（6 ℃）. When the sit was sprayedwith 80 mg · L^-1 ABA，the expressions of miR162，miR166，miR1919 and miR397 were significantly higher than that with 0 mg · L^-1 ABA. These results suggested that miR160，miR162 and miR6026 play an important role in response to low night temperature stress by ABA-dependent signal pathway.

Genetic relationships of potato ancestor parents worldwide were analyzed systematically，potato cultivars of‘Epoka’，‘Jubel’，‘Industrie’，‘Bintje’and‘Early Rose’were classified into parent generation 1（G1），while their derived lines，such as‘Irish Cobbler’，‘Triumph’，‘Schwalbe’，‘Anemone’，‘Mira’，‘Duozibai’，‘Katahdin’and‘Xiaoyezi’were into parent generation 2（G2）. Totally 436 potato cultivars had been authorized in China by 2012. In total 423 parents were involved in the breeding progress of 379 cultivars. They were divided into 8 groups including cultivars inland，breeding lines inland，indigenous breeds，Neo-tuberosum，materials introduced from North America，Europe，CIP and others. Their corresponding nuclear and cytoplasmic germplasm genetic contribution were 97.5，107，10.5，16，27.5，71，33 and 16.5，respectively. The results indicate that the cultivars and lines inland always play the major role in China potato breeding program. Indigenous breeds were mainly used as female parents while Neo-tuberosum & materials introduced from Europe，North America etc were frequently used as male parents. Using the multiplex marker system that developed by Hosaka，the cytoplasm of 278 cultivars inland，330 foreign cultivars and lines tested were grouped into T，D，P，A，M and W type，with the respective quantity and ratio being 303（49.8%），243（40%），2（0.3%），15（2.5%），6（1%）and 39（6.4%）. No additional new types were detected. Cytoplasm types of several cultivars bred did not correspond with their umbilical ancestor（eg. Duke of York，Early Rose and Epoka），pedigree information of these potato accessions may be wrong.

Five hundred and eighty-seven bacterial isolates were obtained from different habitats（rhizosphere，endorhiza，surface and interior of stems，phyllosphere and endosphere）of field-grown cucumber plants and bulk soil. An assessment system was established to evaluate their biocontrol potential of 157 isolates strains according to in vitro activities of their extracellular metabolite（protease，chitinase，cellulase，glucanase and siderophores）. ARDRA analysis was performed to examine the genetic diversity of 157 isolates，of which 47 exhibiting relatively abundant genetic diversity was investigated for their biocontrol efficacy against CGMMV under greenhouse conditions. Nine bacterial isolates achieved positive biocontrol efficacy more than 40% at 30 days post pathogen inoculation（dpi）and HW2 strain can get at 57.02%. Among the 9 strains，one is from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia，others are from Bacillus sp. The conventional correlation efficient was 0.83 between the biocontrol efficacy of 47 isolates and their assessed biocontrol potential，indicating that the established assessment system was effective and can evaluate their biocontrol potential according to in vitro activities of their extracellular metabolites.

In this study，tall fescue EST-SSR markers were developed using two ways of transferring from other crops and designing from EST sequences of tall fescue. Genetic diversity of tall fescue was analysed by these markers. Transferability of 732 EST-SSRs primer pairs from wheat，barley，maize， sorghum and rice was analysed in tall fescue. Of which，406（55.46%）primer pairs showed effective amplification. Besides，in the 63 853 tall fescue EST sequences from GenBank/dbEST，420 EST sequences（0.658%）containing SSRs were found. Among these SSRs of tall fescue，trinucleotide motifs appeared to be the most abundant SSRs（43.33%），followed by dinucleotide（33.57%）. For the motifs of dinucleotide and trinucleotide，CT/GA（16.90%）and CAG/GTC（10.63%）were the most abundant motif respectively. One hundred and eight primer pairs were designed by Primer 5.0 software and synthesized by Shanghai Sunny Company. PCR analysis showed that，92 primer pairs had stable and distinctive bands in tall fescue. From EST-SSRs of 5 crops（406）and tall fescue（92），81 EST-SSR primers were selected randomly to detect the polymorphism in the 12 tall fescue cultivars（strain），and 79 primer pairs（97.53%）showed polymorphism with totally 133 alleles，1.68 alleles per primer in average. The PIC（Polymorphism information contents）for each polymorphic primer varied from 0.14 to 0.66，with an average of 0.48. Clustering analysis indicated that the 12 tall fescue cultivars were clustered into 5 groups based on 0.61 of GS. GroupⅠincludes Explosiveness and Fawn，group Ⅱ includes Powerful，Plantation and Triple A，group Ⅲ includes Kochis 3 and Lexus，group Ⅳ includes Athena 2，Jaguar 3，Exerion and TF160，group Ⅴ includes Fireway.

To study the structure，function and expression patterns of CDPK（calcium-dependent protein kinase）genes in Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo，cDNA sequences were cloned from Dendrobium officinale by RACE and RT-PCR. The full length of cDNA sequences of DoCDPK1 and DoCDPK2 geneswere 1 863 bp and 1 729 bp which the ORF（open reading frames）were 1 539 bp and 1 536 bp encoded 512 and 511 amino acids，respectively. And DoCDPK1 and DoCDPK2 proteins were hydrophilic and stable，whose secondary structures were made up of α-helix and random coil. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that DoCDPK1 and DoCDPK2 genes mainly expressed in leaves. The expression of DoCDPK1 and DoCDPK2 genes increased under low temperature and NaCl. However，the expression of DoCDPK1 and DoCDPK2 genes showed different expression patterns under the treatment of ABA. We speculated that DoCDPK genes took part in the abiotic stress like cold stress. The results will lay the foundation of further study of the specific regulation mechanism and relationship with other signaling pathways.

In order to better use of resistant rootstock to comprehensively prevent and control apple replant disease，the soil enzyme activity，microbial quantity and phenolic acids of 5 kinds of apple rootstocks，i.e. Malus hupehensis Rehd.，M. prunifolia（Willd）Borkh.，M. micromalus Makino.，M. sieversii（Ledeb.）Roem. and M. baccata（Linn.）Borkh. were analyzed in a short-term pot experiment. The results showed that soil phosphatase activity of M. hupehensis was the highest. Soil invertase activity of M. micromalus was the highest，and soil urease activity of M. prunifolia was the highest. The number of soil fungi of M. hupehensis was the lowest，and the number of bacteria of M. hupehensis and M. prunifolia was higher. M. hupehensis had the highest of bacteria/fungi ratio. From the aspect of total phenolic acid content，M. hupehensis had the lowest of total phenolic acid content，while M. micromalus had the highest of total phenolic acid content. In summary，M. hupehensis had the least number of soil fungi，and had the lowest of soil total phenolic acid content，and the related soil enzyme activities were higher. It showed that it was the best to improve the soil environment，and it was more suitable for the comprehensive prevention and control of apple replant disease.

The F₁ population composed by 81 fruited individuals from the crossing between‘Red Clapp Favorite’（Pyrus communis L.）and‘Mansoo’（P. pyrifolia Nakai）were used for genetic mapping. The linkage map consisted of 187 SSR markers distributed in 18 linkage groups was constructed. The map spanned 964.82 cM with an average distance of 5.16 cM between markers. Compared with the previously constructed map using 165 progenies，86.59% markers showed collinearity between maps. The QTLs of fruit traits were analyzed by MapQTL5.0 software. Four QTLs of 3 fruit traits（including fruit weight，vertical diameter and transverse diameter）were detected on LG11 with 1.00–2.00 cM to their nearest marker. Further validation between the nearest marker’s genotype and fruit traits’ phenotype showed that the coincidence rate was from 72.5% to 82.5%.

Ninety-two F₁ individuals from the interspecific cross between‘Rizamat’（Vitis vinifera）and‘Heizhenzhu’（V. davidii）were used to construct a molecular genetic linkage map by using simple sequence repeats（SSR）and sequence-related amplified polymorphism（SRAP）. The interval mapping method was used to detect and analyze the grape anthracnose resistance QTL. A QTL was identified on linkage group 12，which explained 37.07% of the total phenotypic variance，and 71.50% contribution rate of the highest point. It showed that this QTL on linkage group 12 was a major QTL，which controlled the resistance to grape anthracnose.

Somatic embryo induction and morphology as well as histology identification were carried on Hippeastrum vittatum‘Red Lion’by the way of scales explant. The results showed that the optimum medium for embryonic callus induction was MS + 2 mg · L^-1 BA + 1 mg · L^-1 NAA + 2 mg · L^-1 TDZ + 30 g · L^-1 sucrose，and the rate of embryonic callus induction reached to 90.63%. However，there was no embryonic callus obtained in medium without TDZ. On PGR-free medium，somatic embryos developed after 15 days and plantlets with shoot and roots formed after 30 days. There were 6 types of callus：white loose callus，transparent fluffy callus，transparent compact callus，light brown crisp callus and jade green crisp callus，for embryonic callus and light brown compact callus，for non-embryonic callus. Global embryos，heart-shaped embryos and club-shaped embryos were observed in the development process of somatic embryo.

Headspace solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry（HS–SPME–GC–MS）was used to analyze the volatile components in the flowers of Cymbidium goeringii and Cymbidium faberi，which were collected from different locations in Qinling Mountains. The results showed there are more than 40 kinds of volatile components in the flowers of C. goeringii. The main components consist of 3-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-hexadiene，(E)-2-octenal，2-nonenal and so on. C. goeringii in different habitats have analogous compositions. The aromas in the flowers of C. goeringii only have a few categories，and most of the C. goeringii is without smelling fragrance in flowers. There are more than 50 kinds of volatile components in (E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-olthe flowers of C. faberi. The main components consist of，doconexent，and [1à,2à(Z)]-cyclopentaneacetic acid-3-oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)-methyl ester and so on. Most of the volatile components in the flowers of C. faberi smell fragrant，making C. faberi having richer aromas than C. goeringii in flowers. Thus the compositions of volatile components in C. faberi flowers are more complex and have more aromatic categories than C. goeringii.

A TaqMan real-time PCR assay was developed by designing a set of primers and probe based on the conserved replicase gene of Banana bunchy top virus（BBTV）. The results showed that the assay was more sensitive than Endpoint PCR in detecting both the standard DNA plasmid and total DNA extracted from field samples，respectively，and had no cross reaction with two other common viruses，Cucumber mosaic virus（CMV）and Banana streak virus（BSV）in the banana plants. Seven times of reproducibility tests were analyzed and the results showed that Ct coefficient of variation was 0.93% and the Ct value kept stable in each reaction. This TaqMan real-time PCR assay was utilized to detect BBTV concentrations in diseased micropropagated banana shoots，and the results indicated that the concentrations of BBTV in the micropropagated banana shoots of‘Yueyoukang 1’increased along with tissue-cultured generations，which was higher in the top leaves than those in other leaves.

A method for analysis of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetable was developed by using UHPLC–Triple–TOF–MS. Vegetable samples were extracted using 70% methanol and injected after concentration. UPLC BEH C₁₈ column was selected with acetonitrile–water（both 0.1% formic acid）as mobile phase. Chromatographic separation was achieved under gradient elution in 10 min. In ESI negative ion mode，TOF–MS scan–IDA–Product ion scan was performed to acquire both MS and MS/MS information from one injection. Based on high resolution TOF–MS，accurate masses of molecular ions and fragment ions were obtained for high accuracy-identification. This method was applied to the seeds of Yellow Sarson（Brassica rapa ssp. trillocularis）and the leaves of kale（Brassica oleracea）. Finally，24 and 15 glucosinolates were analyzed in the seeds and leaves，respectively. The results demonstrated that this method has distinct advantages of high sensitivity，good accuracy and high throughput，which is suitable for analysis of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables.

‘Yanzi’was selected during the survey of chestnut varieties in Qinglong County，Hebei Province. This cultivar has characteristics of big large size nut，superior quality，high yield，and suitable for poor soil strong barren tolerance. The average weight of nut is 8.5 g，purple brown，with high uniformity. The density of pubescence is intermediate. The hilum size is large. The pulp is milk yellow. The nuts are perfect for stir-fry purpose，with a delicate texture，tasting waxy and sweet. The nuts mature in mid September. The yield is 7.7 kg per tree，equivalent to 3 843.3 kg · hm^-2.

‘Rela 6’is a new cultivar of hybrid pepper. The cultivar of strong growth，plant height is 65.0 cm and strain amplitude is 112 cm；sowing to harvest stage are 107 days，average fruit number is 220，immature fruit is pale green，mature fruit is bright red. Fruit length is 7.3 cm，fruit width is 3.5 cm. The average fruit weight is 12.5 g，the average total yield is about 42 000 kg · hm^-2。Very hot，total content of capsaicin is about 22.56 g · kg^-1（347816 SHU）. This cultivar is resistant to viruses，bacterial wilt，fusarium wilt，epidemic disease，anthracnose and root knot nematode disease. The field performance of cold and heat resistance. So the multiple characteristic is excellent.

‘Jiafeng’is a new bitter gourd hybrid developed by crossing subgynoecious line‘0983’and inbred line‘0905’. It grows vigorously，with early-ripening，high rate of female flower and strong power of furit setting. The first female flower position is at the 10–12th joint. The shape of fruit is cylindrical with light green skin，round and short stripy tumour altemately，about 26 cm in length，7 cm in diameter，1.5 cm in thickness. The average fruit weight is 450–550 g with strong high-yield. Its yield is about 48 t · hm^-2. It is tolerant to chilling and weak light and resistant to powdery mildew and downy mildew.