Flowering and Fruiting Behaviour of Two South China Plum Cultivars with Different Ripening Stages in an Area Near the Northern Boundary of the Tropics

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0865

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (9): 2105-2119.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0865

• Cultivation · Physiology & Biochemistry • Previous Articles Next Articles

Flowering and Fruiting Behaviour of Two South China Plum Cultivars with Different Ripening Stages in an Area Near the Northern Boundary of the Tropics

ZHONG Yizhong¹, WANG Zhou¹, XIE Jingyao², WANG Zhengpeng¹, HAO Jingjing¹, LIU Chaoyang¹, ZHANG Wei¹, WU Jing¹, ZHONG Ziqin¹, CHEN Chengjie¹, HE Yehua¹^,^**()

¹ College of Horticulture，South China Agricultural University，Guangzhou 510642，China
² Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic，Guangzhou 510642，China

Received:2024-03-20 Revised:2024-07-05 Online:2024-09-25 Published:2024-09-19
Contact: HE Yehua

Abstract

Abstract:

Plum belongs to temperate fruit trees，and the high temperature climate in autumn and winter in southern subtropics has a serious impact on its normal growth and development. In order to explore the adaptability of plum near the northern boundary of tropical climate，two South China plum cultivars‘Congzao 1’（March plum type，early-maturing）and‘Yunkai 1’（Sanhua plum type，medium-maturing）with different maturity periods were used as materials to study their flowering and fruiting behaviours，such as bud differentiation，flowering，fruit set and fruit development in Xinyi City，Guangdong Province，China. The results showed that the morphological differentiation of flower buds commenced at the time when normal season fruits became ripe（20 April and 10 June，respectively）and lasted for about 60 d. In addition to spring shoots，summer shoots and autumn shoots can also initiate and complete the flower bud differentiation process in the current year. The earliest new shoots of‘Congzao 1’and‘Yunkai 1’first appeared to flower in mid-July and late August，respectively，and then continued to flower normally until late January of the following year，with the whole flowering period lasting about 6 months；they can be classified into five flowering periods，such as summer flowers（July）according to the flowering season，autumn flowers（August to October），winter flowers（November to December），early flowers（mid-January）and the main flowering period（late January to the end of the flowering period），the two cultivars of the secondary flowering period（July to mid-January）accounted for 18.83% and 19.36% of the amount of flowering，respectively；Summer and autumn flowers are mostly malformed and cannot set fruits normally or develop normally. The winter fruits matured in early February and early March，and although the fruits were smaller and more acidic，they still had market value. The quality of the early-flowering fruits improved significantly，and they had high commercial value，and the production of winter-flowering fruits and early-flowering fruits accounted for about 5% to 10% of the total production. Two South China plum cultivars near the northern boundary of the tropical climate showed a fast rate of bud differentiation，and the tops of the tips of the various levels that were produced by the end of September were able to complete bud differentiation，flowering and flowering. The adaptive ability of these two cultivars to the high temperature of autumn and winter may provide inspiration for the study of plum cultivation techniques and the evolution of South China plum cultivars.

Key words: Prunus salicina, tropical, adaptability, epigenetic, flowering, fruiting

ZHONG Yizhong, WANG Zhou, XIE Jingyao, WANG Zhengpeng, HAO Jingjing, LIU Chaoyang, ZHANG Wei, WU Jing, ZHONG Ziqin, CHEN Chengjie, HE Yehua. Flowering and Fruiting Behaviour of Two South China Plum Cultivars with Different Ripening Stages in an Area Near the Northern Boundary of the Tropics[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(9): 2105-2119.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 Average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures in Xinyi，Guangdong（1981-2010）

Fig. 2 Histomorphological observation of axillary bud development and the process of flower bud differentiation of south China plum A-E：External morphology of axillary buds of‘Congzao 1’at 60 d（10 April），70 d（20 April），85 d（5 May），100 d（20 May）and 130 d（20 June）after spring leaf expansion. A：Exposed leaf bud apex in the“V”shaped area；B：Total bud scale indicated by arrow；C：Axillary buds separate into three buds；D：Flower buds become gradually rounded and full；E：Flower bud scales fall off and differentiation of male and famle organs is complete；A1：Undifferentiated state；B1：Beginning of floral bud differentiation；C1：Floret differentiation；D1：Floret floral organ primordia differentiation；E1：Two floret primordia in the floral bud that have already completed differentiation. F-J：Flower bud differentiation on bouquet-like branches，short-branch spring tips，long-branch spring tips，summer tips and autumn tips of‘Yunkai 1’in mid-October，respectively.

Fig. 3 Dynamics and characteristics of flowering and fruit development in‘Congzao 1’plum A：Two summer flowers produced by sprouting flower buds with 2-3 bracts at the base of the flower（indicated by red arrows）on some bouquet-like branches（indicated by white arrows） starting to yellow and fall off on 15 July；B：Early autumn flowers on spring tips on 20 August；C：Two autumn flowers produced by 1 flower bud on a spring tips on 20 September；D：Two flower buds on spring tips of the mid-branch on 10 October each produced three autumn flowers（buds）；E：Winter flower buds at various times on mid-branch spring tips on 10 November；F：Normal buds，buds，and blooming winter flowers on spring tips on 15 December，no longer with small bracts of leaves at the base；G：Early flowers that were opening on 15 January；H：Buds that were making flowers on 15 January. A1：Late autumn flowers on spring tips that were sitting in late October（10 November）；B1：Late autumn flowers and fruits on spring tips（20 November）；C1：Late autumn and winter flowering fruits on spring and summer tips（15 December）；D1：Winter flowering fruits on spring tips on 15 January（about 70 d of fruit age）；E1：Winter flowering fruits（red ripe fruits about 90 d of fruit age，yellow ripe fruits about 80 d of fruit age）and normal open flowers ripening on 5 February；F1：Early flowering fruits（yellowish-red）and normal season fruits（green）ripening on long fruiting shoots on 10 March；G1：Red ripe normal season fruits ripening on 25 April.

Fig. 4 Flowering and fruiting states of‘Yunkai 1’plum at different periods A：Autumn flowers and normal buds on October 15th on the spring shoots；B：Buds，winter flowers，and autumn fruit（fruit age approximately 1 month）on November 15th on the spring shoots. C1：Developmental state of normal bouquet-shaped branches（indicated by left arrow），long branches （branches in red boxes are spring tips），and secondary branches（indicated by right arrow，representing summer tips）on December 15th.C2：Buds，winter flowers，and young fruit（fruit age approximately 1-2 months）on the mid-shoots on December 15th. D1：Flower buds forming on the spring shoots on January 15th. D2：Early flowers in different blooming states on the spring shoots and secondary branches（summer shoots）on January 15th. D3：Fruits（fruit age approximately 3 months）and budding flower buds on the short shoots on January 15th.E：Developing flowers and fruits（fruit age approximately 2.5 months）on February 5th. F1：Mature winter fruits（fruit age approximately 4 months）on March 10th. F2：Immature fruits at different stages of growth and development（fruit age 1.0-2.5 months）on March 10th.G：Mature early fruits（fruit age approximately 4 months）and young fruits during the main flowering period（fruit age approximately 2 months）on April 15th. H：Mature early fruits（set in mid-January）and young fruits during the main flowering period（fruit age approximately 3 months）on May 15th.

Fig. 5 Flowering and fruiting dynamics of two cultivars of South China plum Flowering rate（%）= number of flowering buds/total number of buds × 100；Fruiting rate（%）= number of fruit sittings/number of flowering buds in the month × 100，based on 20 d after flower shedding. The main flowering period started from 21st January for the‘Congzao 1’，and from 25th January for the‘Yunkai 1’.

Fig. 6 Division of flowering period and fruit maturation types for two South China plum cultivars in Xinyi，Guangdong SFP：Summer flowering period；EAP：Early autumn blooming period；LFP：Late flowering period；WFP：Winter flowering period；EFP：Early flowering period；MFP：Main flowering period；WF：Fruits of winter flowers；EF：Early-flowering fruit；NS：Normal season fruit；SA：Start of autumn；SW：Start of winter；MC：Minor cold；EH：End of heat；CD：Cold dew.

Table 1 Comparison of fruit quality of two cultivars of South China plums ripening at different times

品种 Cultivar	采收时间/（M-D） Harvest time	单果质量/g Single fruit weight	总酸/% Total acidity	可溶性糖/% Soluble sugar	可溶性固形物/% TSS
从早1号	02-15	8.6	2.2	4.0	6.3
Congzao 1	03-15	15.8	1.9	4.3	7.2
	04-15（正造果 Normal season fruits）	25.3	1.7	5.3	8.0
云开1号	03-15	28.5	1.7	4.8	7.4
Yunkai 1	04-15	40.8	1.4	5.3	8.0
	05-15	50.8	1.3	6.0	8.8
	06-15（正造果 Normal season fruits）	52.7	1.1	7.5	11.2

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Flowering and Fruiting Behaviour of Two South China Plum Cultivars with Different Ripening Stages in an Area Near the Northern Boundary of the Tropics

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