Quantitative Evaluation and Genetic Variation of Flower Opening Angles in Spray Cut Chrysanthemums

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0508

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (8): 1723-1734.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0508

• Research Papers • Previous Articles Next Articles

Quantitative Evaluation and Genetic Variation of Flower Opening Angles in Spray Cut Chrysanthemums

YANG Xiuwei, SU Jiangshuo, ZHANG Fei, GUAN Zhiyong, FANG Weimin, CHEN Fadi^*()

State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement,Key Laboratory of Landscaping,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China,National Forestry and Grassland Administration,College of Horticulture,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China

Received:2022-05-28 Revised:2022-07-27 Online:2022-08-25 Published:2022-09-05
Contact: CHEN Fadi E-mail:chenfd@njau.edu.cn

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study,based on 203 representative spray cut chrysanthemum（Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.）varieties,the flower opening angle of spray cut chrysanthemum was quantitatively measured by image processing at full-bloom stage and 11 flower opening angle related traits such as leaf petiole angle and inflorescence diameter were investigated. The results indicated that there was abundant variation in flower opening angle of spray cut chrysanthemums,and the coefficient of variation was 22.87%.‘Nannong Xiufengche’exhibited the smallest opening angle（62.12°）,while‘Q1-79’had the largest opening angle（218.29°）. The flower opening angle was significantly negatively correlated with the corolla tube length（-0.46）,the corolla tube merged degree（-0.45）and ray floret length（-0.21）, whereas it was significantly positively correlated with the number of ray florets whorls （0.39）,ray floret width（0.35）and center disc flower diameter（0.31）. The optimal regression equation for flower opening angle of spray cut chrysanthemum was obtained by multiple regression analysis: Y （flower opening angle）= 85.59 + 30.28X₄（inflorescence diameter）-63.66X₇（ray floret length）+ 21.78X₈（ray floret width）+ 21.57X₉（the corolla tube length）-62.31X₁₀（the corolla tube merged degree） with a coefficient of determination larger than 0.69,which could be potentially used to predict flower opening angle of spray cut chrysanthemum. Principal component analysis integrated the investigated 12 traits into five principal component factors,including ray floral related traits,inflorescence size and leaf angle,etc,and the cumulative contribution rate was 89.07%. According to phenotypic clustering,the tested 203 spray cut chrysanthemum varieties were divided into four groups,displaying significant difference on flower opening angle.

Key words: spray cut chrysanthemum, flower opening angle, quantified estimate, regression analysis, cluster analysis

CLC Number:

S682.11

YANG Xiuwei, SU Jiangshuo, ZHANG Fei, GUAN Zhiyong, FANG Weimin, CHEN Fadi. Quantitative Evaluation and Genetic Variation of Flower Opening Angles in Spray Cut Chrysanthemums[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(8): 1723-1734.

Figures/Tables 12

References 34

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性状 Trait	测量方法 Measuring method
花序开放角度 Flower opening angle（FOA）	花序最外轮两侧舌状花基部和花托底部围成的角度（图1） The angle formed between the outline of ray florets and the bottom of receptacle （Fig.1）
叶柄夹角Leaf petiole angle（LPA）	叶柄朝向与茎秆的夹角The angle between the leaf petiole and stem
叶片夹角Leaf tip angle（LTA）	叶片朝向与茎秆的夹角The angle between the leaf tip and stem
心花直径 Center disc flower diameter（CDFD）	头状花序中心所有管状花最大横向直径 The maximal transverse diameter of the center disc florets
花序直径Inflorescence diameter（ID）	盛花期花序自然状态最大横向直径 The maximal transverse diameter of the capitulum in nature at full-bloom stage
舌状花轮数 Number of whorls of ray florets（NWRF）	头状花序的舌状花轮数 The number of whorls of ray florets for the capitulum
舌状花数Number of ray florets（NRF）	头状花序的舌状花数The number of ray florets for the capitulum
舌状花长Ray floret length（RFL）	舌状小花最大纵向长度The maximal length of ray florets
舌状花宽Ray floret width（RFW）	平瓣和匙瓣类花冠筒开裂处最大宽度,管瓣类花冠筒的最大周长 The width of maximal corolla splitting （flat and spoon types） or the perimeter of coalescent corolla （tubular type）
花冠筒长度The corolla tube length（CTL）	舌状花花冠筒顶端到基部的距离The distance from tip of corolla tube to the bottom of ray florets
花冠筒基部融合程度 The corolla tube merged degree（CTMD）	舌状花花冠筒长度与舌状花长的比值 The ratio of corolla tube length and ray floret length
心花直径/花序直径Center disc flower diameter/Inflorescence diameter（CDFD/ID）	心花直径和花序直径的比值 The ratio of the center disc flower diameter and inflorescence diameter

性状 Trait	测量方法 Measuring method
花序开放角度 Flower opening angle（FOA）	花序最外轮两侧舌状花基部和花托底部围成的角度（图1） The angle formed between the outline of ray florets and the bottom of receptacle （Fig.1）
叶柄夹角Leaf petiole angle（LPA）	叶柄朝向与茎秆的夹角The angle between the leaf petiole and stem
叶片夹角Leaf tip angle（LTA）	叶片朝向与茎秆的夹角The angle between the leaf tip and stem
心花直径 Center disc flower diameter（CDFD）	头状花序中心所有管状花最大横向直径 The maximal transverse diameter of the center disc florets
花序直径Inflorescence diameter（ID）	盛花期花序自然状态最大横向直径 The maximal transverse diameter of the capitulum in nature at full-bloom stage
舌状花轮数 Number of whorls of ray florets（NWRF）	头状花序的舌状花轮数 The number of whorls of ray florets for the capitulum
舌状花数Number of ray florets（NRF）	头状花序的舌状花数The number of ray florets for the capitulum
舌状花长Ray floret length（RFL）	舌状小花最大纵向长度The maximal length of ray florets
舌状花宽Ray floret width（RFW）	平瓣和匙瓣类花冠筒开裂处最大宽度,管瓣类花冠筒的最大周长 The width of maximal corolla splitting （flat and spoon types） or the perimeter of coalescent corolla （tubular type）
花冠筒长度The corolla tube length（CTL）	舌状花花冠筒顶端到基部的距离The distance from tip of corolla tube to the bottom of ray florets
花冠筒基部融合程度 The corolla tube merged degree（CTMD）	舌状花花冠筒长度与舌状花长的比值 The ratio of corolla tube length and ray floret length
心花直径/花序直径Center disc flower diameter/Inflorescence diameter（CDFD/ID）	心花直径和花序直径的比值 The ratio of the center disc flower diameter and inflorescence diameter

性状	最小值	最大值	均值	标准差	变异系数	偏度	峰度
Trait	Min.	Max.	Mean	SD	CV/%	Skew.	Kurt.
花序开放角度/°FOA	62.12	218.29	137.20	31.38	22.87	0.45	-0.09
叶柄夹角/°LPA	38.13	84.97	61.16	10.25	16.77	0.14	-0.41
叶片夹角/°LTA	42.45	126.28	83.63	14.66	17.53	0.03	0.20
心花直径/cm CDFD	0.87	3.75	1.86	0.64	34.26	0.96	0.14
花序直径/cm ID	2.42	8.95	5.05	1.19	23.49	0.31	0.03
舌状花轮数NWRF	1.00	3.00	1.74	0.61	35.15	0.24	-0.63
舌状花数NRF	14.67	65.00	29.91	10.18	34.05	1.22	1.14
舌状花长/cm RFL	1.26	3.91	2.57	0.63	24.52	0.12	-0.76
舌状花宽/cm RFW	0.15	1.52	0.82	0.25	30.95	-0.07	0.17
花冠筒长度/cm CTL	0	3.46	0.31	0.79	253.53	2.51	5.16
花冠筒基部融合程度CTMD	0	1.00	0.11	0.26	245.78	2.30	3.82
心花直径/花序直径CDFD/ID	0.20	0.76	0.38	0.13	33.29	0.80	-0.39

性状	最小值	最大值	均值	标准差	变异系数	偏度	峰度
Trait	Min.	Max.	Mean	SD	CV/%	Skew.	Kurt.
花序开放角度/°FOA	62.12	218.29	137.20	31.38	22.87	0.45	-0.09
叶柄夹角/°LPA	38.13	84.97	61.16	10.25	16.77	0.14	-0.41
叶片夹角/°LTA	42.45	126.28	83.63	14.66	17.53	0.03	0.20
心花直径/cm CDFD	0.87	3.75	1.86	0.64	34.26	0.96	0.14
花序直径/cm ID	2.42	8.95	5.05	1.19	23.49	0.31	0.03
舌状花轮数NWRF	1.00	3.00	1.74	0.61	35.15	0.24	-0.63
舌状花数NRF	14.67	65.00	29.91	10.18	34.05	1.22	1.14
舌状花长/cm RFL	1.26	3.91	2.57	0.63	24.52	0.12	-0.76
舌状花宽/cm RFW	0.15	1.52	0.82	0.25	30.95	-0.07	0.17
花冠筒长度/cm CTL	0	3.46	0.31	0.79	253.53	2.51	5.16
花冠筒基部融合程度CTMD	0	1.00	0.11	0.26	245.78	2.30	3.82
心花直径/花序直径CDFD/ID	0.20	0.76	0.38	0.13	33.29	0.80	-0.39

性状Trait	FOA	LPA	LTA	CDFD	ID	NWRF	NRF	RFL	RFW	CTL	CTMD	CDFD/NID
花序开放角度FOA	1.00
叶柄夹角LPA	0.09	1.00
叶片夹角LTA	0.24^**	0.65^**	1.00
心花直径CDFD	0.31^**	-0.05	0.15^*	1.00
花序直径ID	0.20^**	0.01	0.17^*	0.32^**	1.00
舌状花轮数NWRF	0.39^**	0.15^*	0.16^*	-0.18^*	0.07	1.00
舌状花数NRF	0.31^**	0.10	0.14	0.24^**	0.11	0.59^**	1.00
舌状花长RFL	-0.21^**	-0.04	0.07	0.19^**	0.86^**	-0.10	-0.01	1.00
舌状花宽RFW	0.35^**	0.06	0.11	-0.19^**	0.49^**	0.44^**	-0.07	0.29^**	1.00
花冠筒长度CTL	-0.46^**	-0.07	-0.11	0.16^*	0.00	-0.36^**	0.07	0.30^**	-0.56^**	1.00
花冠筒基部融合程度CTMD	-0.45^**	-0.09	-0.13	0.15^*	-0.04	-0.36^**	0.05	0.23^**	-0.58^**	0.98^**	1.00
心花直径/花序直径CDFD/ID	0.20^**	-0.06	0.03	0.77^**	-0.34^**	-0.23^**	0.15^*	-0.39^**	-0.50^**	0.12	-0.09	1.00

Quantitative Evaluation and Genetic Variation of Flower Opening Angles in Spray Cut Chrysanthemums

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性状 Trait	未标准化系数 Non-standardized coefficient		回归系数检测 t值	显著性 Significance
性状 Trait	B	SE	回归系数检测 t值	显著性 Significance
（常量）	85.59	24.27	3.53	0
X₁叶柄夹角 LPA	-0.17	0.17	-1.02	0.31
X₂叶片夹角 LTA	0.20	0.12	1.64	0.10
X₃心花直径 CDFD	7.47	10.59	0.71	0.48
X₄花序直径ID	30.28	4.48	6.77	0.00
X₅舌状花轮数 NWRF	7.04	3.78	1.86	0.06
X₆舌状花数NRF	0.12	0.21	0.60	0.55
X₇舌状花长RFL	-63.66	5.72	-11.14	0
X₈舌状花宽 RFW	21.78	9.49	2.29	0.02
X₉花冠筒长度 CTL	21.57	8.97	2.40	0.02
X₁₀花冠筒基部融合程度CTMD	-62.31	25.36	-2.46	0.02
X₁₁心花直径/花序直径 CDFD/ID	21.99	54.15	0.41	0.69

性状	主成分Principal component
Trait	1	2	3	4	5
花序开放角度FOA	0.59	-0.40	0.38	-0.25	-0.01
叶柄角LPA	0.26	-0.10	0.25	0.79	-0.29
叶尖角LTA	0.32	-0.09	0.47	0.62	-0.37
心花直径CDFD	-0.21	-0.27	0.80	-0.40	-0.23
花序直径ID	0.32	0.69	0.57	-0.23	-0.08
舌状花轮数NWRF	0.66	-0.16	0.12	0.16	0.62
舌状花数NRF	0.17	-0.27	0.53	0.12	0.70
舌状花长RFL	-0.01	0.87	0.43	-0.10	-0.04
舌状花宽RFW	0.81	0.37	-0.04	-0.17	-0.05
花冠筒长度CTL	-0.83	0.28	0.27	0.21	0.23
花冠筒基部融合程度CTMD	-0.84	0.23	0.24	0.21	0.24
心花直径/花序直径CDFD/ID	-0.40	-0.73	0.40	-0.25	-0.20
特征值Eigenvalue	3.32	2.38	2.16	1.52	1.31
贡献率（%）Contribution rate（%）	27.67	19.86	17.99	12.64	10.91
累计贡献率（%）Cumulative contribution rate（%）	27.67	47.53	65.52	78.16	89.07

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