苹果树形改造对树冠结构和冠层光合能力的影响

园艺学报 ›› 2007, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (3): 537-542.

苹果树形改造对树冠结构和冠层光合能力的影响

张显川^1*;高照全^{1, 2};付占方³;方建辉³;李天红²

(1 北京日川河果树研究开发中心, 北京102200; 2 中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院, 北京100094; 3 北京市林业局, 北京100020)

收稿日期:1900-01-01 修回日期:1900-01-01 出版日期:2007-06-25 发布日期:2007-06-25

Influences of Tree Form Reconstruction on Canopy Structure and Photosynthesis of Apple

ZHANG Xian-chuan^1*;GAO Zhao-quan^1,2;FU Zhan-fang³;FANG J ian-hui³ ;LI Tian-hong2

(¹Beijing Richuanhe Pomological Research and Developm ent Center, Beijing 102200, China; ²College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094; ³Beijing Forestry B ureau, Beijing 100020, China)

Received:1900-01-01 Revised:1900-01-01 Online:2007-06-25 Published:2007-06-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为解决乔化密植苹果园树冠郁闭、光照差、产量低、品质差的问题, 于2001～2004年在北京昌
平区十三陵农场(东经116°13′, 北纬40°13′, 海拔79 m) 对1986年定植的富士苹果(M alus domestica Borkh.
‘Fuji’) 进行树形改造试验, 将三主枝疏散分层形逐步改造为高干开心形。经过3年的改造, 主干高度从
0.29 m提高到1.37 m, 主枝数从15.8个减少到4.58个, 冬剪后枝数从2 119.73 ×10³ ·hm^{- 2}减少到814.07 ×
10³ ·hm^{- 2} , 叶面积指数从3.98减少到2.31。改造后树冠的叶片和光照分布更加均匀, 低于30%的无效光区
从43%减少到24%。通过对冠层光合作用的数值模拟发现, 改造树冠层的光合作用比未改树略有降低, 在整
个生长季(5～9月) 改造树的冠层光合能力比未改造树小14.6%, 但平均单叶光合速率却增加40.4%。改
造后苹果产量从27.3 t·hm^{- 2}增加到54.5 t·hm^{- 2} , 可溶性固形物从12.83%增加到15.55%。

关键词: 苹果, 树形, 树冠结构, 光合作用

Abstract: Tree form reconstruction of ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Fuji’) was carried out
from 2001 to 2004 in theMing Tombs Farm ( longitude 116°13′east, latitude 40°13′north, altitude of 79 m)
in Changp ing of Beijing. The three branch form was reconstructed into open2center system to resolve the p rob
lem of badly light distribution, yield and quality. By three years of experiment the height of trunk was ad
vanced from 0.29 m to 1.37 m. The number of bough was reduced from 15.58 to 4.58. The number of spurs
was reduced from 2 119.7 ×10³ ·hm^-2 to 814.1 ×10³ ·hm^-2 and leaf area index was reduced from 3.98 to
2.31. The distribution of leaves and relative light intensity in canopywere uniform in open-center system. The
useless light space was reduced from 43% to 24%. The simulation showed that photosynthesis rate of canopy
in open-center system was reduced by 14.6% compared with control in growth period, but the mean photosyn
thetic rate was 40.4% higher than control. And the outputwas increased from 27.3 t·hm^-2 to 54.5 t·hm^-2and the soluble sugar of fruit was increased from 12.83% to 15.55%.

Key words: Apple, Tree form, Canopy structure, Photosynthesis

张显川;高照全;;付占方;方建辉;李天红. 苹果树形改造对树冠结构和冠层光合能力的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2007, 34(3): 537-542.

ZHANG Xian-chuan;GAO Zhao-quan;FU Zhan-fang;FANG J ian-hui;LI Tian-hong. Influences of Tree Form Reconstruction on Canopy Structure and Photosynthesis of Apple[J]. ACTA HORTICULTURAE SINICA, 2007, 34(3): 537-542.

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