万寿菊秸秆粉末处理对镰孢菌的抑制及苹果连作土壤施用效果

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0564

园艺学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (7): 1518-1534.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0564

万寿菊秸秆粉末处理对镰孢菌的抑制及苹果连作土壤施用效果

王晓芳¹, 夏群², 栾日昇³, 许莉⁴, 尹承苗⁵, 王艳芳⁶, 陈学森⁵, 毛志泉⁵^,^*(), 相昆¹^,^*()

¹ 山东省果树研究所，山东泰安 271000
² 山东省新泰市科学技术局，山东新泰 271200
³ 烟台市牟平区果树技术推广中心，山东烟台 264100
⁴ 荣成市崖头街道办事处，山东荣成 264300
⁵ 山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院，作物生物学国家重点实验室，山东泰安 271018
⁶ 山东农业大学化学与材料科学学院，山东泰安 271018

收稿日期:2022-11-21 修回日期:2023-05-15 出版日期:2023-07-25 发布日期:2023-07-26
通讯作者:
^*（E-mail：mzhiquan@sdau.edu.cn，
xiangkun0534@126.com）
基金资助:
国家现代农业产业技术体系建设资金专项项目(CARS-27); 国家自然科学基金项目(32072510); 山东省农业重大应用技术创新项目(SD2019ZZ008); 泰山学者资助项目(ts20190923); 山东省高等学校青创科技支持计划项目(2019KJF020); 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2020MC131); 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD1000201); 山东省水果创新团队项目(SDAIT-06-07)

Inhibition of Tagetes erecta Straw Powder on the Main Pathogens of Apple Continuous Cropping Obstacle and Its Field Application Effect

WANG Xiaofang¹, XIA Qun², LUAN Risheng³, XU Li⁴, YIN Chengmiao⁵, WANG Yanfang⁶, CHEN Xuesen⁵, MAO Zhiquan⁵^,^*(), XIANG Kun¹^,^*()

¹ Shandong Institute of Pomology，Tai’an，Shandong 271000，China
² Shandong Xintai Science and Technology Bureau，Xintai，Shandong 271200，China
³ Yantai Mouping District Fruit Tree Technology Promotion Center，Yantai，Shandong 264100，China
⁴ Rongcheng Yatou Subdistrict Office，Rongcheng，Shandong 264300，China
⁵ State Key laboratory of Crop Biology，College of Horticultural Science and Engineering，Shandong Agruicultural University，Tai’an，Shandong 271018，China
⁶ College of Chemistry and Material Science，Shandong Agruicultural University，Tai’an，Shandong 271018，China

Received:2022-11-21 Revised:2023-05-15 Published:2023-07-25 Online:2023-07-26

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探讨万寿菊秸秆粉末处理对苹果连作障碍相关病原镰孢菌的抑制作用及田间防治效果，在室内条件下研究了万寿菊秸秆粉末对4种镰孢属真菌（尖孢、腐皮、层出和串珠镰孢菌）的抑制效果；在田间条件下，以2年生苹果幼树（‘烟富3号’/M9T337）为试材，设置连作土对照、溴甲烷熏蒸、万寿菊混栽、0.5%和1%万寿菊秸秆粉末、0.5%和1%玉米芯粉末7个处理，研究其对苹果幼树生长及土壤微生态环境的影响。结果表明，万寿菊挥发性成分对4种镰孢菌菌丝生长具有较强的抑制作用，1.67 ~ 33.30 g · L^-1万寿菊秸秆粉末用量对菌丝生长的抑制率为20% ~ 100%，抑制率随用量增加而升高。万寿菊秸秆粉末处理的腐皮镰孢菌菌丝变细，分支增多，短小且杂乱，表面破损，逐渐皱缩塌陷，呈枯死状。凤毛寨试验地壤土条件下以0.5%万寿菊秸秆粉末处理的效果最好，湾头村试验地粘壤土条件下以1%万寿菊秸秆粉末处理的效果最好，苹果幼树的株高、地径和枝条年生长量等指标显著高于连作对照。经万寿菊处理的土壤酶活性均明显升高，土壤可培养细菌数量增加、真菌数量减少，细菌/真菌增加。在凤毛寨试验点，0.5%万寿菊秸秆粉末处理的青霉菌属相对丰度增加幅度最大，是连作对照的59倍。在湾头村试验点，万寿菊处理后土壤被孢霉属、毛壳菌属、青霉菌属的相对丰度均增加，其中青霉菌属增加幅度最大，1%万寿菊秸秆粉末处理的青霉菌属是连作对照的125倍。主坐标（PCoA）分析发现，凤毛寨和湾头村不同处理间土壤真菌群落结构差异显著。综上，万寿菊秸秆粉碎物可显著改善苹果连作土壤的微生物群落结构及土壤环境，减轻连作障碍对苹果幼树造成的危害，促进树体生长。

关键词: 苹果, 连作障碍, 万寿菊, 生物熏蒸, 土壤微生物群落

Abstract:

In order to explore the inhibitory effect and field control effect of Tagetes erecta straw powder on the pathogenic fungi related to apple replant disease（ARD），and the inhibitory effect of T. erecta on four Fusarium fungi（F. oxysporum，F. solani，F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides）was studied under indoor conditions. Under field conditions，two-year-old apple saplings（‘Yanfu 3’/M9T337）were used as test materials，and the effects of T. erecta straw powder on the growth of apple saplings and soil micro-ecological environment were studied. Seven treatments were designed as follows：replanted soil（control），methyl bromide fumigation，T. erecta mixed planting，0.5% and 1% T. erecta straw powder，0.5% and 1% corncob powder. The results showed that the volatile components of T. erecta had a strong inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the four Fusarium species. The inhibition rate of mycelial growth was 20%-100% at the concentration of 1.67-33.30 g · L^-1，and the inhibition rate increased with the increase of T. erecta dosage. The hyphae of F. solani treated with T. erecta was inhibited，the growth was messy，thin，the branches increased，short and thin，the hyphae gradually shrunken and collapsed，withered，and the surface was damaged. Under field conditions，the effect of 0.5% T. erecta straw powder treatment was the best in the Fengmaozhai test site，and the effect of 1% T. erecta straw powder treatment in the Wantoucun test site was the best. The plant height，ground diameter，and annual growth of branches of apple saplings were significantly higher than those of the control. The activities of soil enzymes treated with T. erecta were significantly increased；the number of culturable bacteria in the soil increased；the number of fungi decreased；the ratio of bacteria/fungus increased. In the Fengmaozhai test site，the relative abundance of Penicillium of 0.5% T. erecta powder treatment increased the most，which was 59 times that of the control. In Wantoucun test site，the relative abundances of Mortierella，Chaetomium，and Penicillium all increased after treatment，among which Penicillium increased the most，and the relative abundances of Penicillium with 1% T. erecta powder treatment was 125 times that of the control. Principal coordinate analysis（PCoA）showed that there were significant differences in soil fungal community structure of different treatments in Fengmaozhai and Wantoucun test sites. In conclusion，T. erecta straw crushed material can significantly improve soil microbial community structure and replanted soil environment，reduce the harm caused by ARD to apple saplings and promote the growth of apple saplings.

Key words: apple, replant disease, Tagetes erecta, biofumigation, soil microbial community

王晓芳, 夏群, 栾日昇, 许莉, 尹承苗, 王艳芳, 陈学森, 毛志泉, 相昆. 万寿菊秸秆粉末处理对镰孢菌的抑制及苹果连作土壤施用效果[J]. 园艺学报, 2023, 50(7): 1518-1534.

WANG Xiaofang, XIA Qun, LUAN Risheng, XU Li, YIN Chengmiao, WANG Yanfang, CHEN Xuesen, MAO Zhiquan, XIANG Kun. Inhibition of Tagetes erecta Straw Powder on the Main Pathogens of Apple Continuous Cropping Obstacle and Its Field Application Effect[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2023, 50(7): 1518-1534.

图/表 14

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试验地 Test site	容重/（g · cm^-3） Bulk density	总孔隙度/% Total porosity	pH	有机质/（g · kg^-1） Organic matter	NO₃-N/（mg · kg^-1）	NH₄⁺-N / （mg · kg^-1）	速效磷/ （mg · kg^-1） Available P	速效钾/ （mg · kg^-1） Available K
凤毛寨Fengmaozhai	1.21	50.10	4.75	5.12	33.96	22.23	9.84	21.74
湾头村Wantoucun	1.15	53.03	6.49	7.88	34.59	14.13	7.15	40.26

试验地 Test site	容重/（g · cm^-3） Bulk density	总孔隙度/% Total porosity	pH	有机质/（g · kg^-1） Organic matter	NO₃-N/（mg · kg^-1）	NH₄⁺-N / （mg · kg^-1）	速效磷/ （mg · kg^-1） Available P	速效钾/ （mg · kg^-1） Available K
凤毛寨Fengmaozhai	1.21	50.10	4.75	5.12	33.96	22.23	9.84	21.74
湾头村Wantoucun	1.15	53.03	6.49	7.88	34.59	14.13	7.15	40.26

万寿菊秸秆粉末用量/（g · L^-1） T. erecta powder	尖孢镰孢菌 F. oxysporum	腐皮镰孢菌 F. solani	层出镰孢菌 F. proliferatum	串珠镰孢菌 F. verticillioides
1.67	25.48	30.44	20.51	28.92
3.30	40.13	43.48	37.82	45.18
6.70	54.14	58.39	55.13	57.23
13.30	69.43	72.05	72.44	75.90
26.70	88.54	89.44	88.46	92.17
33.30	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

万寿菊秸秆粉末用量/（g · L^-1） T. erecta powder	尖孢镰孢菌 F. oxysporum	腐皮镰孢菌 F. solani	层出镰孢菌 F. proliferatum	串珠镰孢菌 F. verticillioides
1.67	25.48	30.44	20.51	28.92
3.30	40.13	43.48	37.82	45.18
6.70	54.14	58.39	55.13	57.23
13.30	69.43	72.05	72.44	75.90
26.70	88.54	89.44	88.46	92.17
33.30	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

菌种 Strain	毒力回归方程 Regression equation of virulence	R²
尖孢镰孢菌F. oxysporum	y = 0.4435x-13.76	0.938
腐皮镰孢菌F. solani	y = 0.4719x-16.81	0.931
层出镰孢菌F. proliferatum	y = 0.4087x-11.34	0.901
串珠镰孢菌F. verticillioides	y = 0.4513x-15.88	0.912

万寿菊秸秆粉末处理对镰孢菌的抑制及苹果连作土壤施用效果

Inhibition of Tagetes erecta Straw Powder on the Main Pathogens of Apple Continuous Cropping Obstacle and Its Field Application Effect

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取样时间（Y-M） Sampling time	取样地点 Sampling area	处理 Treatment	株高/cm Plant height	地径/mm Ground diameter	新梢生长量/cm Shoot length
2017-08	凤毛寨 Fengmaozhai	溴甲烷Methyl bromide	1.99 ± 0.14 a	45.65 ± 1.08 a	80.33 ± 4.25 a
		连作土（对照）Replanted soil（Control）	1.71 ± 0.16 b	24.81 ± 1.95 e	55.89 ± 5.00 c
		万寿菊混栽Tagetes erecta mixed planting	1.87 ± 0.09 ab	30.54 ± 0.90 cd	59.78 ± 6.11 c
		0.5%万寿菊秸秆粉末 0.5% Tagetes erecta straw powder	1.98 ± 0.06 a	36.44 ± 1.35 b	68.89 ± 0.51 b
		0.5%玉米芯粉末 0.5% Corncob powder	1.83 ± 0.12 ab	31.76 ± 1.36 cd	55.33 ± 2.34 c
		1%万寿菊秸秆粉末1% Tagetes erecta straw powder	1.92 ± 0.11 ab	32.46 ± 2.17 c	62.00 ± 3.51 c
		1%玉米芯粉末1% Corncob powder	1.91 ± 0.07 ab	28.98 ± 1.66 d	57.33 ± 2.34 c
	湾头村 Wantoucun	溴甲烷Methyl bromide	2.18 ± 0.15 a	49.56 ± 2.46 a	80.11 ± 3.02 ab
		连作土（对照）Replanted soil（Control）	1.84 ± 0.06 c	39.85 ± 1.70 de	58.44 ± 4.00 e
		万寿菊混栽Tagetes erecta mixed planting	2.06 ± 0.18 abc	37.09 ± 1.04 e	73.78 ± 1.07 c
		0.5%万寿菊秸秆粉末0.5%Tagetes erecta straw powder	2.09 ± 0.17 abc	44.45 ± 0.96 bc	74.56 ± 2.22 bc
		0.5%玉米芯粉末0.5% Corncob powder	1.85 ± 0.10 c	41.57 ± 0.62 cd	67.11 ± 6.17 d
		1%万寿菊秸秆粉末1% Tagetes erecta straw powder	2.14 ± 0.19 ab	46.71 ± 1.99 ab	82.33 ± 2.33 a
		1%玉米芯粉末1% Corncob powder	1.89 ± 0.04 bc	40.71 ± 3.03 d	70.22 ± 2.51 cd
2018-08	凤毛寨 Fengmaozhai	溴甲烷Methyl bromide	2.54 ± 0.15 a	47.09 ± 0.60 a	96.00 ± 1.17 a
		连作土（对照）Replanted soil（Control）	1.92 ± 0.06 c	26.17 ± 1.23 e	57.22 ± 3.86 c
		万寿菊混栽Tagetes erecta mixed planting	2.03 ± 0.02 bc	32.68 ± 0.56 cd	58.44 ± 3.35 c
		0.5%万寿菊秸秆粉末0.5% Tagetes erecta straw powder	2.23 ± 0.02 b	37.25 ± 1.10 b	75.00 ± 1.92 b
		0.5%玉米芯粉末0.5% Corncob powder	2.05 ± 0.03 bc	33.31 ± 0.49 cd	55.22 ± 2.78 c
		1%万寿菊秸秆粉末1% Tagetes erecta straw powder	2.11 ± 0.03 bc	35.22 ± 1.34 bc	60.56 ± 2.78 c
		1%玉米芯粉末1% Corncob powder	2.11 ± 0.05 bc	30.58 ± 1.00 d	57.22 ± 3.55 c
	湾头村 Wantoucun	溴甲烷Methyl bromide	2.93 ± 0.04 a	50.28 ± 0.96 a	97.11 ± 3.02 a
		连作土（对照）Replanted soil（Control）	2.55 ± 0.08 b	41.59 ± 0.96 bc	64.33 ± 4.22 d
		万寿菊混栽Tagetes erecta mixed planting	2.72 ± 0.09 ab	38.16 ± 1.78 c	82.22 ± 1.78 bc
		0.5%万寿菊秸秆粉末0.5% Tagetes erecta straw powder	2.75 ± 0.10 ab	46.40 ± 1.37 ab	91.44 ± 1.31 ab
		0.5%玉米芯粉末0.5% Corncob powder	2.74 ± 0.16 ab	45.95 ± 1.96 ab	75.44 ± 9.10 cd
		1%万寿菊秸秆粉末1% Tagetes erecta straw powder	2.90 ± 0.08 ab	49.25 ± 3.19 a	93.00 ± 4.44 ab
		1%玉米芯粉末 1% Corncob powder	2.72 ± 0.15 ab	42.28 ± 1.68 bc	86.00 ± 1.71 abc

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万寿菊秸秆粉末处理对镰孢菌的抑制及苹果连作土壤施用效果

Inhibition of Tagetes erecta Straw Powder on the Main Pathogens of Apple Continuous Cropping Obstacle and Its Field Application Effect

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参考文献 34

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