猕猴桃花粉灭菌方法比较及对果实品质的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0329

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

已证实猕猴桃花粉是溃疡病远距离传播的主要途径之一。研究⁶⁰Co-γ辐照、臭氧、紫外、微波、梯度水浴（35、50、80、100 ℃）等5种物理灭菌方法,ClO₂、乙蒜素、四霉素、春雷霉素、氧化亚铜、代森铵、中生菌素和纳米银等8种化学药剂杀菌方法,对猕猴桃花粉溃疡病菌杀灭率、花粉活力、坐果率、单果质量和果实品质的影响。结果表明,紫外、微波、水浴和乙蒜素、四霉素、春雷霉素、代森铵处理的杀菌率较低,且花粉活力显著降低;⁶⁰Co-γ辐照和ClO₂、中生菌素、纳米银及氧化亚铜虽可保证有效的杀菌率及花粉活力,但会造成授粉后坐果率、单果质量、大小、硬度、可溶性固形物、干物质、维生素C含量、可溶性糖及可滴定酸等显著下降;642.85 mg · m^-3臭氧1 h的花粉灭菌效果最佳,灭菌率达99.52%,花粉活力仅下降2.92%;坐果率、果实硬度、维生素C含量、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、果实单果质量、大小、干物质及可溶性固形物变化不大。结合成本、可操作性及环保等多因素考虑,臭氧处理是其中最有效且安全的猕猴桃花粉灭菌方法。

关键词: 猕猴桃, 溃疡病, 花粉, 灭菌方法, 灭菌率, 活力, 果实品质

Abstract:

Pollen has been proved to be one of the main pathways for long-distance transmission of kiwifruit bacterial canker（Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae,Psa）. Five physical sterilize methods including ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation,ozone,UV,microwave,water-bath heating（35,50,80,100 ℃）,and eight chemical sterilize methods including ClO₂,ethylicin,tetramycin,kasugamycin,cuprous oxide,amobam,zhongshengmycin and sliver nanoparticles were applied to analyze the effect to kiwifruit pollen. The index of Psa sterilization rate,pollen viability,fruit setting rate,single fruit weight and fruit quality were analyzed. The results showed that the sterilization rate and pollen viability of partial treatments are relatively low,such as UV,microwave,water-bath heating,ethylicin,tetramycin,kasugamycin and amobam solution. Other treatments caused the index including fruit setting rate,single fruit weight,size,fruit firmness,soluble solids,dry matter,vitamin C,soluble sugar and titratable acid content decreased significantly,such as ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation,ClO₂,cuprous oxide,Zhongshengmycin and sliver nanoparticles. The optimum disinfection method is ozone with concentration of 642.85 mg · m^-3 for 1 h,the Psa sterilization rate reached 99.52% while the decline rate of pollen viability was merely declined 2.92%. The fruit setting rate,fruit firmness,vitamin C,soluble sugar and titratable acid,single fruit weight,size,dry matter and soluble solids index decreased slightly without significant difference. Comprehensive analysis the cost,operability and environmental protection factors,ozone technology can be regarded as the most effective and safe method for kiwifruit pollen sterilization.

Key words: kiwifruit, bacterial canker, pollen, sterilization method, sterilization rate, viability, fruit quality

中图分类号:

S663.4

李黎, 冯丹丹, 潘慧, 李文艺, 邓蕾, 汪祖鹏, 钟彩虹. 猕猴桃花粉灭菌方法比较及对果实品质的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2022, 49(4): 769-777.

LI Li, FENG Dandan, PAN Hui, LI Wenyi, DENG Lei, WANG Zupeng, ZHONG Caihong. Comparison of Sterilization Methods for Kiwifruit Pollen and Its Effect on Fruit Quality[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(4): 769-777.

图/表 4

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灭菌方法 Sterilize method	剂量 Parameter	灭菌率/% Sterilization	花粉活力下降/% Pollen viability decline
⁶⁰Co-γ/Gray	400	81.32 ± 2.59 ab	2.45 ± 1.15 a
	600	91.89 ± 1.45 a	3.78 ± 0.87 ab
	800	98.35 ± 0.12 a	4.23 ± 0.49 ab
	1 000	99.50 ± 0.11 a	3.50 ± 2.76 a
	1 200	97.50 ± 0.42 a	3.96 ± 0.99 ab
	1 400	97.96 ± 0.11 a	4.38 ± 0.51 ab
	1 600	98.65 ± 0.18 a	10.91 ± 1.61 b
O₃/（mg · m^-3,h）	107.14,0.5	89.76 ± 0.65 a	4.25 ± 2.28 ab
	107.14,1	91.54 ± 0.59 a	5.48 ± 1.47 ab
	321.42,0.5	93.58 ± 0.51 a	4.76 ± 0.37 ab
	321.42,1	94.89 ± 0.24 a	5.39 ± 1.64 ab
	642.85,0.5	96.47 ± 0.27 a	3.73 ± 2.53 a
	642.85,1	99.52 ± 0.11 a	2.92 ± 3.48 a
UV/（W,h）	20,24	58.65 ± 11.46 c	33.91 ± 3.13 c
微波/（W,s）Microwave	700,90	63.61 ± 2.03 bc	7.99 ± 3.62 ab
水浴/（℃,min）Water-bath	35,1 320	17.36 ± 8.37 d	4.77 ± 3.52 ab
	50,15	62.19 ± 8.43 c	8.12 ± 0.78 ab
	50,30	71.68 ± 4.26 bc	9.46 ± 2.11 ab
	50,45	65.88 ± 7.23 bc	9.53 ± 1.72 ab
	50,60	61.09 ± 9.23 bc	7.71 ± 2.84 ab
	80,3	99.79 ± 0.02 a	100.00 d
	100,3	98.86 ± 0.30 a	100.00 d

灭菌方法 Sterilize method	剂量 Parameter	灭菌率/% Sterilization	花粉活力下降/% Pollen viability decline
⁶⁰Co-γ/Gray	400	81.32 ± 2.59 ab	2.45 ± 1.15 a
	600	91.89 ± 1.45 a	3.78 ± 0.87 ab
	800	98.35 ± 0.12 a	4.23 ± 0.49 ab
	1 000	99.50 ± 0.11 a	3.50 ± 2.76 a
	1 200	97.50 ± 0.42 a	3.96 ± 0.99 ab
	1 400	97.96 ± 0.11 a	4.38 ± 0.51 ab
	1 600	98.65 ± 0.18 a	10.91 ± 1.61 b
O₃/（mg · m^-3,h）	107.14,0.5	89.76 ± 0.65 a	4.25 ± 2.28 ab
	107.14,1	91.54 ± 0.59 a	5.48 ± 1.47 ab
	321.42,0.5	93.58 ± 0.51 a	4.76 ± 0.37 ab
	321.42,1	94.89 ± 0.24 a	5.39 ± 1.64 ab
	642.85,0.5	96.47 ± 0.27 a	3.73 ± 2.53 a
	642.85,1	99.52 ± 0.11 a	2.92 ± 3.48 a
UV/（W,h）	20,24	58.65 ± 11.46 c	33.91 ± 3.13 c
微波/（W,s）Microwave	700,90	63.61 ± 2.03 bc	7.99 ± 3.62 ab
水浴/（℃,min）Water-bath	35,1 320	17.36 ± 8.37 d	4.77 ± 3.52 ab
	50,15	62.19 ± 8.43 c	8.12 ± 0.78 ab
	50,30	71.68 ± 4.26 bc	9.46 ± 2.11 ab
	50,45	65.88 ± 7.23 bc	9.53 ± 1.72 ab
	50,60	61.09 ± 9.23 bc	7.71 ± 2.84 ab
	80,3	99.79 ± 0.02 a	100.00 d
	100,3	98.86 ± 0.30 a	100.00 d

化学药剂（厂家） Chemical agent	时间/min Time	灭菌率/% Sterilization	花粉活力下降/% Pollen viability decline
3%中生菌素800×（福建凯立） Zhongshengmycin	15	100.00 ± 0.00 a	49.33 ± 4.28 g
	30	100.00 ± 0.00 a	20.56 ± 0.56 e
	45	100.00 ± 0.00 a	33.77 ± 2.65 f
	60	100.00 ± 0.00 a	9.25 ± 3.01 abc
80%乙蒜素3 000×（美国杜邦） Ethylicin	15	99.87 ± 0.05 a	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	30	99.94 ± 0.01 a	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	45	98.98 ± 0.33 a	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	60	100.00 ± 0.00 a	100.00 ± 0.00 h
0.15%四霉素600×（辽宁微科） Tetramycin	15	96.79 ± 0.55 a	3.15 ± 4.45 ab
	30	96.94 ± 1.47 a	6.82 ± 2.45 abc
	45	100.00 ± 0.00 a	6.45 ± 2.91 abc
	60	100.00 ± 0.00 a	11.70 ± 1.18 bcd
0.15 mmol · L^-1 ClO₂缓释剂（山东华实） Chlorine dioxide	15	99.99 ± 0.00 a	2.98 ± 2.33 ab
	30	100.00 ± 0.00 a	4.43 ± 1.97 ab
	45	100.00 ± 0.00 a	6.25 ± 2.59 abc
	60	100.00 ± 0.00 a	9.68 ± 3.68 abc
45%代森铵150×（湖北双吉） Amobam	15	34.56 ± 1.08 cd	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	30	60.00 ± 2.57 b	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	45	61.08 ± 16.82 b	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	60	80.76 ± 1.38 a	100.00 ± 0.00 h
86.2%氧化亚铜1 000×（挪威劳道克斯） Cuprous oxide	15	79.44 ± 1.08 a	5.68 ± 3.27 ab
	30	85.11 ± 2.30 a	5.58 ± 4.49 ab
	45	99.10 ± 0.86 a	7.66 ± 2.97 abc
	60	99.27 ± 11.44 a	19.12 ± 2.13 de
5 nm 0.2%纳米银（Nano Composix） Sliver nanoparticles	15	45.17 ± 8.72 bc	3.58 ± 1.26 ab
	30	80.35 ± 2.24 a	3.18 ± 2.27 ab
	45	99.98 ± 0.00 a	9.42 ± 2.90 abc
	60	99.99 ± 0.00 a	19.86 ± 2.80 de
2%春雷霉素500×（华北爱诺） Kasugamycin	15	22.43 ± 4.15 de	9.26 ± 1.17 abc
	30	21.18 ± 19.53 de	11.50 ± 3.15 bcd
	45	21.65 ± 9.43 de	14.78 ± 6.72 cde
	60	60.14 ± 12.73 b	16.82 ± 2.75 cde

化学药剂（厂家） Chemical agent	时间/min Time	灭菌率/% Sterilization	花粉活力下降/% Pollen viability decline
3%中生菌素800×（福建凯立） Zhongshengmycin	15	100.00 ± 0.00 a	49.33 ± 4.28 g
	30	100.00 ± 0.00 a	20.56 ± 0.56 e
	45	100.00 ± 0.00 a	33.77 ± 2.65 f
	60	100.00 ± 0.00 a	9.25 ± 3.01 abc
80%乙蒜素3 000×（美国杜邦） Ethylicin	15	99.87 ± 0.05 a	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	30	99.94 ± 0.01 a	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	45	98.98 ± 0.33 a	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	60	100.00 ± 0.00 a	100.00 ± 0.00 h
0.15%四霉素600×（辽宁微科） Tetramycin	15	96.79 ± 0.55 a	3.15 ± 4.45 ab
	30	96.94 ± 1.47 a	6.82 ± 2.45 abc
	45	100.00 ± 0.00 a	6.45 ± 2.91 abc
	60	100.00 ± 0.00 a	11.70 ± 1.18 bcd
0.15 mmol · L^-1 ClO₂缓释剂（山东华实） Chlorine dioxide	15	99.99 ± 0.00 a	2.98 ± 2.33 ab
	30	100.00 ± 0.00 a	4.43 ± 1.97 ab
	45	100.00 ± 0.00 a	6.25 ± 2.59 abc
	60	100.00 ± 0.00 a	9.68 ± 3.68 abc
45%代森铵150×（湖北双吉） Amobam	15	34.56 ± 1.08 cd	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	30	60.00 ± 2.57 b	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	45	61.08 ± 16.82 b	100.00 ± 0.00 h
	60	80.76 ± 1.38 a	100.00 ± 0.00 h
86.2%氧化亚铜1 000×（挪威劳道克斯） Cuprous oxide	15	79.44 ± 1.08 a	5.68 ± 3.27 ab
	30	85.11 ± 2.30 a	5.58 ± 4.49 ab
	45	99.10 ± 0.86 a	7.66 ± 2.97 abc
	60	99.27 ± 11.44 a	19.12 ± 2.13 de
5 nm 0.2%纳米银（Nano Composix） Sliver nanoparticles	15	45.17 ± 8.72 bc	3.58 ± 1.26 ab
	30	80.35 ± 2.24 a	3.18 ± 2.27 ab
	45	99.98 ± 0.00 a	9.42 ± 2.90 abc
	60	99.99 ± 0.00 a	19.86 ± 2.80 de
2%春雷霉素500×（华北爱诺） Kasugamycin	15	22.43 ± 4.15 de	9.26 ± 1.17 abc
	30	21.18 ± 19.53 de	11.50 ± 3.15 bcd
	45	21.65 ± 9.43 de	14.78 ± 6.72 cde
	60	60.14 ± 12.73 b	16.82 ± 2.75 cde

灭菌方法 Sterilize method	坐果率/% Fruit setting rate	单果质量/g Single fruit weight	横径/mm Fruit horizontal diameter	侧径/mm Fruit lateral diameter
物理对照Physical control	96.91 ± 6.35 a	107.06 ± 2.17 b	59.28 ± 0.57bc	47.76 ± 0.38ab
⁶⁰Co-γ 1 000 Gray	89.65 ± 3.25 ab	69.78 ± 1.84 d	51.63 ± 0.55f	42.14 ± 0.34d
O₃ 642.85 mg · m^-3 60 min	95.85 ± 1.95 a	120.93 ± 5.26 a	61.59 ± 1.02ab	49.48 ± 0.85a
化学对照Chemical control	91.99 ± 2.66 a	118.10 ± 4.59 a	62.16 ± 1.30a	48.06 ± 0.52ab
中生菌素Zhongshengmycin 3% 800× 60 min	88.79 ± 3.37 ab	87.76 ± 2.78 c	55.41 ± 0.79de	46.24 ± 0.51bc
ClO₂0.15 mmol · L^-145 min	91.62 ± 3.00 a	78.70 ± 3.10 cd	54.65 ± 0.91e	45.31 ± 0.46c
纳米银Sliver nanoparticles 0.2% 45 min	86.92 ± 2.45 ab	87.62 ± 3.21 c	56.14 ± 1.03de	46.07 ± 0.90bc
氧化亚铜Cuprous oxide 86.2% 1 000× 45 min	73.51 ± 7.00 b	102.01 ± 3.42 b	57.78 ± 0.63cd	47.70 ± 0.59ab
灭菌方法 Sterilize method	纵径/mm Fruit vertical diameter	硬度/（kg · cm^-2） Fruit firmness	干物质/% Dry matter content	可溶性固形物/°Brix Soluble solids
物理对照Physical control	66.72 ± 0.86b	16.42 ± 0.32a	20.91 ± 0.10a	7.35 ± 0.17bc
⁶⁰Co-γ 1 000 Gray	57.81 ± 0.65e	14.32 ± 0.35b	18.33 ± 0.08cd	6.76 ± 0.17bc
O₃ 642.85 mg · m^-3 60 min	71.89 ± 1.58a	13.87 ± 0.60b	20.82 ± 0.33a	8.15 ± 0.48a
化学对照Chemical control	71.12 ± 1.33a	16.78 ± 0.34a	18.87 ± 0.11c	7.52 ± 0.14b
中生菌素Zhongshengmycin 3% 800× 60 min	63.06 ± 0.95bc	13.98 ± 0.53b	18.35 ± 0.16cd	6.79 ± 0.45bc
ClO₂0.15 mmol · L^-145 min	56.83 ± 0.97e	14.25 ± 0.28b	17.87 ± 0.20d	7.51 ± 0.19b
纳米银Sliver nanoparticles 0.2% 45 min	61.98 ± 1.14d	13.51 ± 0.35b	17.84 ± 0.20d	6.48 ± 0.15c
氧化亚铜Cuprous oxide 86.2% 1 000× 45 min	63.93 ± 1.24bc	13.33 ± 0.66b	18.14 ± 0.58cd	7.06 ± 0.34bc