‘红地球’葡萄氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的年需求特性研究

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0785

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以‘红地球’葡萄为试材,连续2年在其关键生育期整株取样,解析测定不同器官的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等必需常量营养元素含量,计算不同生育阶段各元素的吸收量,研究‘红地球’葡萄氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的年需求特性。结果表明,‘红地球’葡萄植株及各器官中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁积累量随着生长进程整体均表现为不断增加的趋势,但不同器官在不同时期的元素增加量存在较大差异。生长前期树体以营养生长为主,叶片等营养器官的增加量较大。果实膨大期至采收期营养生长和生殖生长同步均衡进行,果实中氮、磷、钾的增加量逐渐增大,叶片中钙和镁的增加量最大。采收后树体开始贮藏营养,主干、主蔓等贮藏器官的各养分增加量均较大。从不同生育阶段植株氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的分配特性来看,‘红地球’葡萄在整个生长季中连续不断地吸收各种常量养分,不同生育阶段各元素的吸收分配比例存在差异。末花期至转色期对各养分的需求量均最大,两个生育阶段氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的吸收量分别占全年总吸收量的51.36%、53.31%、59.57%、63.92%、63.60%,其他生育阶段各元素的需求量相对较少。从整株氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的积累量来看,各生育阶段对所有元素均有吸收,但不同阶段的吸收量差异较大,因此生产中应该根据植株养分需求特点平衡施肥。本研究中‘红地球’葡萄生产1 000 kg果实氮、磷、钾、钙和镁的需求量分别为4.72、1.91、4.98、5.41和1.23 kg。

关键词: 葡萄, 氮, 磷, 钾, 钙, 镁, 需求特性

Abstract:

Taking‘Red Globe’grape as the test material,we sampled the whole plant during its key growth periods in 2017 and 2018,analyzed and determined the content of essential macronutrient elements such as nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium and magnesium,and calculated the absorption of each element at different growth stages. To provide theoretical basis for the rational and precise fertilization of‘Red Globe’,the annual demand characteristics of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium and magnesium of‘Red Globe’grapes were studied. The results showed that the accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,and magnesium of the‘Red Globe’grape plant and various organs behaved an increasing trend with the whole growth process,but there were big differences in the element increase of different organs in different periods. From the perspective of the distribution characteristics of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,and magnesium in various organs at different growth stages,the plant was given priority to vegetative growth in the early stage of growth,and the nutrients of the leaf and other vegetative organs increase greatly. The vegetative growth and reproductive growth were synchronized and balanced from fruit expansion stage to the harvest stage. The increase in nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium in fruit gradually increased,and the increment of calcium and magnesium in leaf was the largest. After the harvest,the plant began to store nutrients,and the nutrient increase of the stem,perennial shoot and other storage organs was relatively large. From the distribution characteristics of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,and magnesium of plants at different growth stages,‘Red Globe’grape continuously absorbed various macronutrients throughout the growing season,and the absorption and distribution rules of various elements at different stages were different. The demand for each nutrient is the highest from the end flowering stage to the version stage,the absorption of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,and magnesium in those stages accounted for 51.36%,53.31%,59.57%,63.92%,63.60%,respectively. The absorption amount of each element in other growth stages was relatively low. From the perspective of the accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,and magnesium in the whole plant,all elements could be absorbed in each growth stage,but the absorption amount at different stages was varied greatly. Therefore,fertilization management in production should be balanced fertilize according to the characteristics of plant nutrient requirements. In this study,the requirements of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium and magnesium for 1 000 kg fruit of‘Red Globe’grape were 4.72,1.91,4.98,5.41 and 1.23 kg,respectively.

Key words: grapevine, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, demand characteristic

中图分类号:

S663.1

史祥宾, 王孝娣, 王宝亮, 王志强, 冀晓昊, 王小龙, 刘凤之, 王海波. ‘红地球’葡萄氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的年需求特性研究[J]. 园艺学报, 2021, 48(11): 2146-2160.

SHI Xiangbin, WANG Xiaodi, WANG Baoliang, WANG Zhiqiang, JI Xiaohao, WANG Xiaolong, LIU Fengzhi, WANG Haibo. Requirement Rule of Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Potassium,Calcium and Magnesium of‘Red Globe’Grapevine[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2021, 48(11): 2146-2160.

图/表 8

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年份 Year	器官 Organ	萌芽期 Budding		始花期 Early flowering		末花期 End flowering	种子发育期 Seed development
2017	根Root	362.56 ± 20.38 c		397.67 ± 60.48 c		427.67 ± 35.01 c	439.33 ± 57.82 c
	主干Stem	816.81 ± 31.56 a		855.65 ± 61.03 a		926.95 ± 32.54 a	1 087.88 ± 122.41 a
	主蔓Perennial shoot	559.32 ± 64.23 b		602.51 ± 28.88 b		643.76 ± 31.79 b	787.97 ± 157.71 b
	枝条Annual shoot	—		102.64 ± 11.53 d		205.48 ± 17.96 e	527.67 ± 32.69 c
	叶片Leaf	—		148.81 ± 11.76 d		382.65 ± 23.32 d	560.00 ± 44.31 c
	叶柄Petiole	—		17.47 ± 9.96 e		47.53 ± 4.01 f	81.33 ± 5.68 e
	果实Fruit	—		32.36 ± 1.52 e		51.29 ± 3.24 f	227.88 ± 68.81 d
	整株Plant	1 738.69 ± 75.08		2 157.12 ± 59.81		2 685.34 ± 9.63	3 712.06 ± 69.56
2018	根Root	323.90 ± 61.05 c		324.90 ± 27.06 c		366.07 ± 40.37 c	386.20 ± 19.12 d
	主干Stem	1 440.60 ± 82.43 a		1 468.23 ± 97.79 a		1 512.50 ± 96.38 a	1 698.75 ± 115.22 a
	主蔓Perennial shoot	820.37 ± 23.91 b		862.39 ± 55.87 b		939.38 ± 45.67 b	1 010.82 ± 72.84 b
	枝条Annual shoot			163.57 ± 25.26 d		253.53 ± 43.97 d	550.00 ± 52.27 c
	叶片Leaf			101.13 ± 9.01 d		353.37 ± 30.45 c	651.85 ± 45.89 c
	叶柄Petiole			9.97 ± 1.36 e		43.00 ± 1.94 e	58.50 ± 7.83 f
	果实Fruit			22.17 ± 2.77 e		34.57 ± 3.75 e	191.83 ± 34.45 e
	整株Plant	2 584.87 ± 73.41		2 952.35 ± 103.95		3 502.41 ± 197.18	4 547.95 ± 53.11
年份 Year	器官 Organ		转色期 Veraison		采收期 Harvest	落叶期 Leaf fall
2017	根Root		483.38 ± 102.37 c		527.62 ± 56.19 d	575.07 ± 34.68 d
	主干Stem		1 220.21 ± 111.03 a		1 386.03 ± 116.44 a	1 587.93 ± 142.08 a
	主蔓Perennial shoot		897.91 ± 33.63 b		1 072.62 ± 54.47 b	1 277.98 ± 76.04 c
	枝条Annual shoot		859.58 ± 166.72 b		1 029.58 ± 63.78 b	1 179.48 ± 67.23 c
	叶片Leaf		613.62 ± 72.57 c		676.18 ± 61.21 c	679.32 ± 80.67 d
	叶柄Petiole		93.99 ± 7.74 d		106.48 ± 18.25 e	106.82 ± 7.18 e
	果实Fruit		776.88 ± 34.10 b		1 445.94 ± 75.83 a	1 445.94 ± 75.83 b
	整株Plant		4 945.57 ± 222.18		6 244.45 ± 96.76	6 852.55 ± 200.35
2018	根Root		436.10 ± 32.88 e		526.90 ± 33.75 e	600.23 ± 23.16 e
	主干Stem		1 817.48 ± 125.01 a		1 948.01 ± 154.41 a	2 184.05 ± 205.97 a
	主蔓Perennial shoot		1 180.92 ± 73.44 b		1 325.01 ± 37.27 b	1 676.33 ± 97.49 b
	枝条Annual shoot		900.00 ± 4.22 c		1 143.37 ± 76.58 c	1 373.33 ± 258.64 c
	叶片Leaf		773.00 ± 16.81 d		860.70 ± 61.92 d	871.07 ± 47.14 d
	叶柄Petiole		86.60 ± 7.47 f		119.23 ± 7.63 f	135.90 ± 9.44 f
	果实Fruit		893.64 ± 54.56 c		1 258.00 ± 107.49 bc	1 258.00 ± 107.49 c
	整株Plant		6 087.73 ± 229.46		7 181.22 ± 302.78	8 098.92 ± 544.32

年份 Year	器官 Organ	萌芽期 Budding		始花期 Early flowering		末花期 End flowering	种子发育期 Seed development
2017	根Root	362.56 ± 20.38 c		397.67 ± 60.48 c		427.67 ± 35.01 c	439.33 ± 57.82 c
	主干Stem	816.81 ± 31.56 a		855.65 ± 61.03 a		926.95 ± 32.54 a	1 087.88 ± 122.41 a
	主蔓Perennial shoot	559.32 ± 64.23 b		602.51 ± 28.88 b		643.76 ± 31.79 b	787.97 ± 157.71 b
	枝条Annual shoot	—		102.64 ± 11.53 d		205.48 ± 17.96 e	527.67 ± 32.69 c
	叶片Leaf	—		148.81 ± 11.76 d		382.65 ± 23.32 d	560.00 ± 44.31 c
	叶柄Petiole	—		17.47 ± 9.96 e		47.53 ± 4.01 f	81.33 ± 5.68 e
	果实Fruit	—		32.36 ± 1.52 e		51.29 ± 3.24 f	227.88 ± 68.81 d
	整株Plant	1 738.69 ± 75.08		2 157.12 ± 59.81		2 685.34 ± 9.63	3 712.06 ± 69.56
2018	根Root	323.90 ± 61.05 c		324.90 ± 27.06 c		366.07 ± 40.37 c	386.20 ± 19.12 d
	主干Stem	1 440.60 ± 82.43 a		1 468.23 ± 97.79 a		1 512.50 ± 96.38 a	1 698.75 ± 115.22 a
	主蔓Perennial shoot	820.37 ± 23.91 b		862.39 ± 55.87 b		939.38 ± 45.67 b	1 010.82 ± 72.84 b
	枝条Annual shoot			163.57 ± 25.26 d		253.53 ± 43.97 d	550.00 ± 52.27 c
	叶片Leaf			101.13 ± 9.01 d		353.37 ± 30.45 c	651.85 ± 45.89 c
	叶柄Petiole			9.97 ± 1.36 e		43.00 ± 1.94 e	58.50 ± 7.83 f
	果实Fruit			22.17 ± 2.77 e		34.57 ± 3.75 e	191.83 ± 34.45 e
	整株Plant	2 584.87 ± 73.41		2 952.35 ± 103.95		3 502.41 ± 197.18	4 547.95 ± 53.11
年份 Year	器官 Organ		转色期 Veraison		采收期 Harvest	落叶期 Leaf fall
2017	根Root		483.38 ± 102.37 c		527.62 ± 56.19 d	575.07 ± 34.68 d
	主干Stem		1 220.21 ± 111.03 a		1 386.03 ± 116.44 a	1 587.93 ± 142.08 a
	主蔓Perennial shoot		897.91 ± 33.63 b		1 072.62 ± 54.47 b	1 277.98 ± 76.04 c
	枝条Annual shoot		859.58 ± 166.72 b		1 029.58 ± 63.78 b	1 179.48 ± 67.23 c
	叶片Leaf		613.62 ± 72.57 c		676.18 ± 61.21 c	679.32 ± 80.67 d
	叶柄Petiole		93.99 ± 7.74 d		106.48 ± 18.25 e	106.82 ± 7.18 e
	果实Fruit		776.88 ± 34.10 b		1 445.94 ± 75.83 a	1 445.94 ± 75.83 b
	整株Plant		4 945.57 ± 222.18		6 244.45 ± 96.76	6 852.55 ± 200.35
2018	根Root		436.10 ± 32.88 e		526.90 ± 33.75 e	600.23 ± 23.16 e
	主干Stem		1 817.48 ± 125.01 a		1 948.01 ± 154.41 a	2 184.05 ± 205.97 a
	主蔓Perennial shoot		1 180.92 ± 73.44 b		1 325.01 ± 37.27 b	1 676.33 ± 97.49 b
	枝条Annual shoot		900.00 ± 4.22 c		1 143.37 ± 76.58 c	1 373.33 ± 258.64 c
	叶片Leaf		773.00 ± 16.81 d		860.70 ± 61.92 d	871.07 ± 47.14 d
	叶柄Petiole		86.60 ± 7.47 f		119.23 ± 7.63 f	135.90 ± 9.44 f
	果实Fruit		893.64 ± 54.56 c		1 258.00 ± 107.49 bc	1 258.00 ± 107.49 c
	整株Plant		6 087.73 ± 229.46		7 181.22 ± 302.78	8 098.92 ± 544.32

器官 Organ	萌芽期Budding	始花期Early flowering			末花期End flowering				种子发育期Seed development
器官 Organ	积累量 Accum.	积累量 Accum.		增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.			增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.	增加量 Increase
根Root	4.92 ± 0.85 a	4.98 ± 1.24 a		0.06	5.11 ± 0.93 bc			0.13	5.16 ± 0.94 bc	0.05
主干Stem	5.76 ± 1.10 a	5.06 ± 0.72 a		-0.70	5.46 ± 0.40 b			0.40	6.02 ± 0.41 b	0.56
主蔓Perennial shoot	4.03 ± 0.14 a	3.69 ± 0.26 ab		-0.34	3.78 ± 0.31 c			0.09	4.49 ± 0.17 bcd	0.71
枝条Annual shoot	—	2.07 ± 0.38 bc		2.07	2.09 ± 0.09 d			0.02	3.98 ± 0.64 cd	1.89
叶片Leaf	—	4.66 ± 1.99 a		4.66	11.95 ± 1.28 a			7.29	18.55 ± 0.92 a	6.61
叶柄Petiole	—	0.37 ± 0.21 c		0.37	0.97 ± 0.29 d			0.60	1.16 ± 0.61 e	0.18
果实Fruit	—	0.76 ± 0.22 c		0.76	0.98 ± 0.44 d			0.22	3.06 ± 0.51 d	2.08
整株Plant	14.71 ± 0.39	21.58 ± 2.82		6.87	30.33 ± 2.93			8.75	42.42 ± 1.54	12.09
器官 Organ	转色期Veraison			采收期Harvest			落叶期Deciduous
器官 Organ	积累量 Accum.		增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.		增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.		增加量 Increase
根Root	5.47 ± 0.58 c		0.31	5.90 ± 0.22 c		0.43	8.20 ± 1.11 bc		2.30
主干Stem	7.11 ± 0.43 c		1.09	7.43 ± 0.30 c		0.32	9.09 ± 0.37 bc		1.66
主蔓Perennial shoot	5.10 ± 0.10 c		0.61	6.29 ± 0.20 c		1.19	7.81 ± 0.03 c		1.52
枝条Annual shoot	6.27 ± 2.00 c		2.29	8.06 ± 1.66 c		1.79	10.10 ± 1.75 bc		2.04
叶片Leaf	18.75 ± 2.30 a		0.20	18.30 ± 2.02 a		-0.45	15.54 ± 2.72 a		-2.76
叶柄Petiole	1.35 ± 0.55 d		0.19	1.58 ± 0.47 d		0.24	1.45 ± 0.16 d		-0.13
果实Fruit	11.43 ± 0.39 b		8.37	11.50 ± 2.14 b		0.07	11.50 ± 2.14 b		0.00
整株Plant	55.48 ± 0.09		13.06	59.07 ± 2.37		3.59	63.68 ± 2.84		4.61

器官 Organ	萌芽期Budding	始花期Early flowering			末花期End flowering				种子发育期Seed development
器官 Organ	积累量 Accum.	积累量 Accum.		增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.			增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.	增加量 Increase
根Root	4.92 ± 0.85 a	4.98 ± 1.24 a		0.06	5.11 ± 0.93 bc			0.13	5.16 ± 0.94 bc	0.05
主干Stem	5.76 ± 1.10 a	5.06 ± 0.72 a		-0.70	5.46 ± 0.40 b			0.40	6.02 ± 0.41 b	0.56
主蔓Perennial shoot	4.03 ± 0.14 a	3.69 ± 0.26 ab		-0.34	3.78 ± 0.31 c			0.09	4.49 ± 0.17 bcd	0.71
枝条Annual shoot	—	2.07 ± 0.38 bc		2.07	2.09 ± 0.09 d			0.02	3.98 ± 0.64 cd	1.89
叶片Leaf	—	4.66 ± 1.99 a		4.66	11.95 ± 1.28 a			7.29	18.55 ± 0.92 a	6.61
叶柄Petiole	—	0.37 ± 0.21 c		0.37	0.97 ± 0.29 d			0.60	1.16 ± 0.61 e	0.18
果实Fruit	—	0.76 ± 0.22 c		0.76	0.98 ± 0.44 d			0.22	3.06 ± 0.51 d	2.08
整株Plant	14.71 ± 0.39	21.58 ± 2.82		6.87	30.33 ± 2.93			8.75	42.42 ± 1.54	12.09
器官 Organ	转色期Veraison			采收期Harvest			落叶期Deciduous
器官 Organ	积累量 Accum.		增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.		增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.		增加量 Increase
根Root	5.47 ± 0.58 c		0.31	5.90 ± 0.22 c		0.43	8.20 ± 1.11 bc		2.30
主干Stem	7.11 ± 0.43 c		1.09	7.43 ± 0.30 c		0.32	9.09 ± 0.37 bc		1.66
主蔓Perennial shoot	5.10 ± 0.10 c		0.61	6.29 ± 0.20 c		1.19	7.81 ± 0.03 c		1.52
枝条Annual shoot	6.27 ± 2.00 c		2.29	8.06 ± 1.66 c		1.79	10.10 ± 1.75 bc		2.04
叶片Leaf	18.75 ± 2.30 a		0.20	18.30 ± 2.02 a		-0.45	15.54 ± 2.72 a		-2.76
叶柄Petiole	1.35 ± 0.55 d		0.19	1.58 ± 0.47 d		0.24	1.45 ± 0.16 d		-0.13
果实Fruit	11.43 ± 0.39 b		8.37	11.50 ± 2.14 b		0.07	11.50 ± 2.14 b		0.00
整株Plant	55.48 ± 0.09		13.06	59.07 ± 2.37		3.59	63.68 ± 2.84		4.61

器官 Organ	萌芽期Budding	始花期Early flowering		末花期End flowering		种子发育期Seed development
器官 Organ	积累量 Accum.	积累量 Accum.	增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.	增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.	增加量 Increase
根Root	1.84 ± 0.08 a	1.54 ± 0.10 bc	-0.30	1.55 ± 0.09 bcd	0.01	1.59 ± 0.06 cde	0.04
主干Stem	3.82 ± 1.55 a	3.54 ± 1.33 a	-0.28	3.61 ± 1.42 a	0.07	4.05 ± 1.45 a	0.44
主蔓Perennial shoot	2.65 ± 0.63 a	2.40 ± 0.39 ab	-0.25	2.42 ± 0.39 ab	0.02	2.55 ± 0.26 bc	0.13
枝条Annual shoot	—	0.53 ± 0.26 cd	0.53	0.73 ± 0.14 cd	0.21	1.92 ± 0.11 bcd	1.18
叶片Leaf	—	0.82 ± 0.22 cd	0.82	1.74 ± 0.15 bc	0.92	3.04 ± 0.10 ab	1.30
叶柄Petiole	—	0.10 ± 0.03 d	0.10	0.24 ± 0.00 d	0.14	0.37 ± 0.11 e	0.13
果实Fruit	—	0.20 ± 0.05 d	0.20	0.23 ± 0.07 d	0.03	0.96 ± 0.17 de	0.73
整株Plant	8.31 ± 2.26	9.12 ± 1.57	0.81	10.53 ± 1.63	1.41	14.48 ± 1.60	3.95
器官 Organ	转色期Veraison		采收期Harvest		落叶期Deciduous
器官 Organ	积累量 Accum.	增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.	增加量 Increase	积累量 Accum.	增加量 Increase
根Root	1.77 ± 0.15 bc	0.18	1.96 ± 0.28 cd	0.19	2.57 ± 0.43 c	0.61
主干Stem	4.62 ± 1.83 a	0.57	4.98 ± 1.37 a	0.36	6.26 ± 0.95 a	1.28
主蔓Perennial shoot	2.94 ± 0.44 ab	0.39	3.13 ± 0.55 bc	0.20	4.90 ± 1.22 ab	1.77
枝条Annual shoot	3.42 ± 0.23 ab	1.50	4.21 ± 0.70 ab	0.79	4.37 ± 0.86 b	0.16
叶片Leaf	4.22 ± 0.34 a	1.18	4.37 ± 0.38 ab	0.15	4.12 ± 0.21 bc	-0.25
叶柄Petiole	0.56 ± 0.10 c	0.19	0.64 ± 0.02 d	0.08	0.67 ± 0.03 d	0.03
果实Fruit	3.47 ± 0.44 ab	2.52	5.03 ± 0.27 a	1.56	5.03 ± 0.27 ab	0.00
整株Plant	20.99 ± 3.34	6.51	24.32 ± 3.57	3.33	27.93 ± 3.97	3.61