长瓣兜兰开花特性与繁育系统研究

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0809

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

观察记录了温室栽培条件下长瓣兜兰(Paphiopedilum dianthum)的花部特征和开花进程,同时通过花粉活力与柱头可授性测定、杂交指数估算及人工控制授粉试验等对其繁育特性进行了研究。结果表明:长瓣兜兰6—9月开花,单花花期45 ~ 55 d,2 ~ 5朵花,单株花期75 ~ 90 d。在花朵开放过程中,花药凝聚形成的花粉团始终位于蕊柱两侧且有一定距离,相对位置不变。盛花期(开花6 ~ 34 d)花粉活力和柱头可授性最强。长瓣兜兰杂交指数(OCI)为4。无论去雄与否,套袋后的花均不结实。人工自花授粉、人工同株异花授粉和人工异株授粉的结实率分别为83.30%、90.00%和96.70%,显著高于自然传粉。说明长瓣兜兰不存在无融合生殖现象,具有高度被动自交和异交的能力,繁育系统是需要传粉者自交和异交混合交配的系统。

关键词: 长瓣兜兰, 花粉活力, 柱头, 可授性, 杂交指数, 繁育系统

Abstract:

The floral characteristics and flowering process ofPaphiopedilum dianthum under greenhouse cultivation condition were investigated. Meanwhile,the pollen viability and stigma acceptability determination,hybridization index estimation,and artificial controlled pollination test were conducted to analyze floral characteristics and breeding system of the P. dianthum. The results showed that P. dianthum blossomed from June to September,with a single flowering period of 45 to 55 d,a single plant flowering period of 75 to 90 d. Each plant generally produced one peduncle bearing with two to five flowers. During the entire blooming process,the pollinia formed by anthers were persistently located on both sides of the staminode and the relative positions remained unchanged. The pollen viability and stigma receptivity reached the highest in the full-flowering period(flowering 6 to 34 d),and the pollen and sitgma have a longer life span. The hybridization index(OCI)ofP. dianthum was four. Regardless of emasculation or not,the seed setting rates of artificial self-pollination,artificial cross-pollination of the same plant,and artificial cross-pollination of different plants were 83.30%,90.00%,and 96.70%,respectively. No significant difference was observed among these rates,which were all significantly higher than that of natural pollination. These results demonstrate that there is no apomixis but highly passive self-crossing and out-crossing abilities in the P. dianthum,and the breeding system is a mixed mating system of selfing and out-crossing that requires pollinators.

Key words: Paphiopedilum dianthum, flower, pollen viability, stigma, receptivity, hybridization index, breeding system

中图分类号:

S682.31

杨佳慧, 吴婷, 朱俊, 杨树华, 赵鑫, 葛红, 武荣花, 贾瑞冬. 长瓣兜兰开花特性与繁育系统研究[J]. 园艺学报, 2021, 48(5): 1002-1012.

YANG Jiahui, WU Ting, ZHU Jun, YANG Shuhua, ZHAO Xin, GE Hong, WU Ronghua, JIA Ruidong. Studies on Flowering Characteristics and Breeding System of Paphiopedilum dianthum[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2021, 48(5): 1002-1012.

图/表 9

图1 长瓣兜兰的花部特征 A:中萼片正面和反面;B:合萼片正面和反面;C:左右花瓣;D、E:唇瓣的正面、背面以及切面;F:合蕊柱;G:子房、成熟果荚。

Fig. 1 Floral syndrome of Paphiopedilum dianthum A:Dorsal sepal positive and opposite;B:Synsepal positive and opposite;C:Left and right petals;D,E:Lip positive,opposite and section;F:Gynandrium;G:Ovary,matural pod.

表1 长瓣兜兰花部各器官大小

Table 1 Organ size of the Paphiopedilum dianthum flower

株高Plant height	最大叶片Maximum leaf		花茎高 Scape height	唇瓣 Lip		合萼片 Synsepal		中萼片 Dorsal sepal		雄蕊 Staminoid		花瓣 Petal		唇口 Labellum		子房长 Length of ovary
株高Plant height	长 Length	宽 Width	花茎高 Scape height	横径 Dia- meter	纵径Vertical diameter	长 Length	宽 Width	长 Length	宽 Width	横径 Dia- meter	纵径 Vertical diameter	长 Length	宽 Width	横径 Dia- meter	纵径 Vertical diameter	子房长 Length of ovary
53.00 ± 5.60	28.70 ± 3.50	5.27 ± 0.50	46.30 ± 5.80	2.30 ± 0.20	4.50 ± 0.20	4.27 ± 0.10	2.81 ± 0.40	4.62 ± 0.20	2.49 ± 0.30	1.18 ± 0.10	1.51 ± 0.10	10.27 ± 0.80	1.19 ± 0.10	2.68 ± 0.10	1.63 ± 0.20	5.55 ± 0.17

图2 长瓣兜兰柱头、花粉团和花粉粒扫描电镜照片 A:花粉团;B:花粉团表面;C:柱头表面;D:极面观花粉粒;E:赤道正面观花粉粒;F:赤道背面观花粉粒。

Fig. 2 Floral syndrome of Paphiopedilum dianthumstigma,pollinia and pollen A:The whole morphology of pollinia;B:Pollen mass surface morphology;C:The surface morphology of stigma;D:A pollen grain in the polar view;E:Equatorial positive view of pollen;F:Equatorial opposite view of pollen.

图3 不同发育阶段的长瓣兜兰花形态

Fig. 3 The development stage of flower of Paphiopedilum dianthum

图4 不同发育阶段的花粉团形态

Fig. 4 The morphology of pollinia at different stages of development

表2 花粉活力与柱头可授性检测

Table 2 Test of pollen activity and stigma receptivity

时期Stage	花粉活力/%Pollen activity	柱头可授性Stigma receptivity
花苞Ⅰ期Bud stageⅠ	10.33 ± 1.17 f	+/-
花苞Ⅱ期Bud stageⅡ	20.43 ± 1.69 e	+/-
初花Ⅰ期First flowering stageⅠ	38.33 ± 2.15 c	+
初花Ⅱ期First flowering stageⅡ	49.83 ± 4.30 b	++
盛花期Full-bloom stage	78.26 ± 3.16 a	++
末花期Final flowering stage	27.43 ± 4.06 d	-

图5 花粉离体萌发法(A)和柱头可授性检测(B)

Fig. 5 Pollen germinationin vitro(A)and Stigma accessibility test(B)

图6 碘—碘化钾花粉组织染色

Fig. 6 Staining of iodide-potassium iodide pollen tissue

表3 不同处理下的结实率

Table 3 Test of percentage of fertile fruit in different pollination treatments

处理方式 Treatment	处理花数 Number of flowers	结实数 Number of fruit	结实率/% Fruit set
自然授粉Open pollination	30	2	6.70 ± 0.05 B
自然自花授粉(套袋)Free self-pollination(unbagged)	30	0	0 C
去雄不授粉 Emasculation,no pollination	30	0	0 C
人工自花授粉 Manual self-pollination	30	25	83.30 ± 0.05 A
人工同株异花授粉 Manual goitonogamy	30	27	90.00 ± 0.10 A
人工异株授粉 Manual cross-pollination	30	29	96.70 ± 0.05 A

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