珍稀濒危植物江南牡丹草种群结构和繁育系统研究

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0474

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

野外调查发现,珍稀濒危植物江南牡丹草（Gymnospermium kiangnanense）资源量日益萎缩,其药用和园艺观赏开发受到较大限制。为揭示江南牡丹草的种群结构和繁育系统特征,对分布于浙江淳安临岐和诸暨璜山的2个天然种群开展了样地调查,编制了种群特定时间生命表,分析了存活曲线、生存函数,运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态,对杂交指数、花粉/胚珠比、花粉活力、柱头可授性以及传粉昆虫等繁育系统特性进行测定。结果表明:（1）淳安种群为中龄级比例较大的纺锤形结构,诸暨种群幼龄级和老龄级比例较大、中龄级严重缺乏;2个种群均表现为衰退型,存活曲线均趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;（2）花部表现出泛化传粉类型的特征,P/O值为7 920,繁育系统类型为异交,需要传粉者;主要传粉昆虫为中华蜜蜂、黑带食蚜蝇等;其通过短期内高密度集中开花的开花式样、泛化传粉系统以及早春空白生态位来提高传粉效率,保障传粉成功。

关键词: 江南牡丹草, 珍稀濒危植物, 种群结构, 繁育系统

Abstract:

Gymnospermium kiangnanense（P. L. Chiu）,a rare and endangered plant in China,is a kind of early spring flowering plant of Berberidaceae. Field investigation shows that resources of G. kiangnanense is decreasing day by day,which limits its medicinal and horticultural development. In order to reveal the population structure and breeding system characteristics of G. kiangnanense,two natural populations distributed in Chun'an County and Zhuji City,Zhejiang Province were investigated. In this paper,the specific time life table of the population was compiled,the survival curve and survival function were analyzed,and the population dynamics was predicted by using the time series model,and the breeding system characteristics（hybridization index,pollen/ovule ratio,pollen vitality,stigma receptivity and pollinator insects）were used for determination. Our results showed that:(1) Chun'an population was spindle structure with a large proportion of middle age class,while that of Zhuji population was seriously deficient in middle age class;both populations were in decline type,and their survival curves tended to Deevey-Ⅱtype;(2) Flower characteristics ofG. kiangnanense showed generalized pollination type with P/O value of 7 920;main pollinators of G. kiangnanense were Apis cerana and Episyrphus balteatus,etc.;many ways to ensure success of pollination were involved,for example,the pollination efficiency of G. kiangnanense was improved through the short-term high-density concentrated flowering pattern,extensive pollination system and blank niche in early spring. This paper reveals the causes of G. kiangnanensepopulation formation and predicts the future development trend of the population,so as to provide decision-making basis for the protection and restoration of natural population.

Key words: Gymnospermium kiangnanense, rare and endangered plant, population structure, breeding system

中图分类号:

S682

虞钦岚, 刘守赞, 徐韧析谋, 潘晨航, 颜忆铭, 王义英, 夏国华. 珍稀濒危植物江南牡丹草种群结构和繁育系统研究[J]. 园艺学报, 2021, 48(3): 539-552.

YU Qinlan, LIU Shouzan, XU Renximou, PAN Chenhang, YAN Yiming, WANG Yiying, XIA Guohua. Population Structure and Breeding Systems of Rare and Endangered Gymnospermium kiangnanense（Berberidaceae）[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2021, 48(3): 539-552.

图/表 15

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种群 Population	龄级 Age class	径级/mm（TD） Tuber diameter	A_x	a_x	l_x	ln（l_x）	d_x	q_x	L_x	T_x	e_x	K_x
淳安 Chun'an	Ⅰ	TD < 10	29	33	1 000	6.908	30	0.030	985	8 270	8.270	0.030
	Ⅱ	10 ≤ TD < 15	24	32	970	6.878	29	0.030	956	7 285	7.506	0.030
	Ⅲ	15 ≤ TD < 20	39	32	942	6.848	28	0.030	928	6 328	6.720	0.030
	Ⅳ	20 ≤ TD < 25	33	31	914	6.818	27	0.030	900	5 401	5.909	0.030
	Ⅴ	25 ≤ TD < 30	30	30	887	6.788	26	0.030	874	4 500	5.074	0.030
	Ⅵ	30 ≤ TD < 35	30	29	861	6.758	25	0.030	848	3 626	4.213	0.030
	Ⅶ	35 ≤ TD < 40	40	28	835	6.728	25	0.030	823	2 778	3.326	0.030
	Ⅷ	40 ≤ TD < 45	39	27	811	6.698	24	0.030	799	1 955	2.412	0.030
	Ⅸ	45 ≤ TD < 50	20	26	787	6.668	23	0.030	775	1 157	1.470	0.030
	Ⅹ	TD ≥ 50	18	26	763	6.638	763	—	382	382	0.500	—
诸暨 Zhuji	Ⅰ	TD < 10	45	25	1 000	6.908	227	0.227	886	4 543	4.543	0.258
	Ⅱ	10 ≤ TD < 15	17	19	773	6.650	133	0.172	706	3 657	4.734	0.189
	Ⅲ	15 ≤ TD < 20	2	16	639	6.461	94	0.148	592	2 951	4.615	0.160
	Ⅳ	20 ≤ TD < 25	3	14	545	6.301	73	0.134	508	2 359	4.327	0.144
	Ⅴ	25 ≤ TD < 30	2	12	472	6.157	60	0.127	442	1 850	3.921	0.136
	Ⅵ	30 ≤ TD < 35	4	10	412	6.021	51	0.123	387	1 408	3.418	0.131
	Ⅶ	35 ≤ TD < 40	1	9	361	5.890	44	0.121	339	1 022	2.827	0.129
	Ⅷ	40 ≤ TD < 45	1	8	318	5.761	39	0.122	298	682	2.148	0.130
	Ⅸ	45 ≤ TD < 50	4	7	279	5.631	35	0.124	262	384	1.376	0.132
	Ⅹ	TD ≥ 50	48	6	244	5.499	244	—	122	122	0.500	—

种群 Population	龄级 Age class	径级/mm（TD） Tuber diameter	A_x	a_x	l_x	ln（l_x）	d_x	q_x	L_x	T_x	e_x	K_x
淳安 Chun'an	Ⅰ	TD < 10	29	33	1 000	6.908	30	0.030	985	8 270	8.270	0.030
	Ⅱ	10 ≤ TD < 15	24	32	970	6.878	29	0.030	956	7 285	7.506	0.030
	Ⅲ	15 ≤ TD < 20	39	32	942	6.848	28	0.030	928	6 328	6.720	0.030
	Ⅳ	20 ≤ TD < 25	33	31	914	6.818	27	0.030	900	5 401	5.909	0.030
	Ⅴ	25 ≤ TD < 30	30	30	887	6.788	26	0.030	874	4 500	5.074	0.030
	Ⅵ	30 ≤ TD < 35	30	29	861	6.758	25	0.030	848	3 626	4.213	0.030
	Ⅶ	35 ≤ TD < 40	40	28	835	6.728	25	0.030	823	2 778	3.326	0.030
	Ⅷ	40 ≤ TD < 45	39	27	811	6.698	24	0.030	799	1 955	2.412	0.030
	Ⅸ	45 ≤ TD < 50	20	26	787	6.668	23	0.030	775	1 157	1.470	0.030
	Ⅹ	TD ≥ 50	18	26	763	6.638	763	—	382	382	0.500	—
诸暨 Zhuji	Ⅰ	TD < 10	45	25	1 000	6.908	227	0.227	886	4 543	4.543	0.258
	Ⅱ	10 ≤ TD < 15	17	19	773	6.650	133	0.172	706	3 657	4.734	0.189
	Ⅲ	15 ≤ TD < 20	2	16	639	6.461	94	0.148	592	2 951	4.615	0.160
	Ⅳ	20 ≤ TD < 25	3	14	545	6.301	73	0.134	508	2 359	4.327	0.144
	Ⅴ	25 ≤ TD < 30	2	12	472	6.157	60	0.127	442	1 850	3.921	0.136
	Ⅵ	30 ≤ TD < 35	4	10	412	6.021	51	0.123	387	1 408	3.418	0.131
	Ⅶ	35 ≤ TD < 40	1	9	361	5.890	44	0.121	339	1 022	2.827	0.129
	Ⅷ	40 ≤ TD < 45	1	8	318	5.761	39	0.122	298	682	2.148	0.130
	Ⅸ	45 ≤ TD < 50	4	7	279	5.631	35	0.124	262	384	1.376	0.132
	Ⅹ	TD ≥ 50	48	6	244	5.499	244	—	122	122	0.500	—

花器官 Flower characteristics	淳安种群 Chun'an population	诸暨种群 Zhuji population	花器官 Flower characteristics	淳安种群 Chun'an population	诸暨种群 Zhuji population
花序长度/mm Length of inflorescence	91.50 ± 17.37	140.60 ± 26.12 ^**	花瓣数 Number of petal	5.96 ± 0.19	5.93 ± 0.25
小花数 Number of flower	15.07 ± 1.98	15.77 ± 3.13	花瓣长/cm Length of petal	2.34 ± 0.46	2.03 ± 0.56 ^*
花梗长/cm Length of pedicel	33.34 ± 4.79	12.90 ± 4.87 ^**	花瓣宽/cm Width of petal	1.66 ± 0.34	1.64 ± 0.25
小苞片长/cm Length of bractlet	6.65 ± 0.90	5.15 ± 1.04 ^**	雄蕊数 Number of stamen	5.93 ± 0.27	6.00 ± 0.00
小苞片宽/cm Width of bractlet	5.29 ± 1.37	4.39 ± 1.26 ^*	花丝长/cm Length of filament	2.86 ± 0.37	2.83 ± 0.54
花冠口直径/cm Diameter of corolla	17.30 ± 1.68	16.36 ± 2.18	花药长/cm Length of anther	2.43 ± 0.42	2.18 ± 0.35 ^*
花萼数 Number of calyx	6.56 ± 0.58	6.90 ± 0.31 ^**	子房长/cm Length of ovary	2.86 ± 0.45	3.71 ± 1.00 ^**
花萼长/cm Length of calyx	9.23 ± 0.98	8.30 ± 1.02 ^**	子房直径/cm Diameter of ovary	1.71 ± 0.36	1.98 ± 0.37 ^**
花萼宽/cm Width of calyx	5.29 ± 0.90	4.57 ± 0.71 ^**	子房托长度/cm Length of ovary base	1.45 ± 0.28	0.71 ± 0.26 ^**

花器官 Flower characteristics	淳安种群 Chun'an population	诸暨种群 Zhuji population	花器官 Flower characteristics	淳安种群 Chun'an population	诸暨种群 Zhuji population
花序长度/mm Length of inflorescence	91.50 ± 17.37	140.60 ± 26.12 ^**	花瓣数 Number of petal	5.96 ± 0.19	5.93 ± 0.25
小花数 Number of flower	15.07 ± 1.98	15.77 ± 3.13	花瓣长/cm Length of petal	2.34 ± 0.46	2.03 ± 0.56 ^*
花梗长/cm Length of pedicel	33.34 ± 4.79	12.90 ± 4.87 ^**	花瓣宽/cm Width of petal	1.66 ± 0.34	1.64 ± 0.25
小苞片长/cm Length of bractlet	6.65 ± 0.90	5.15 ± 1.04 ^**	雄蕊数 Number of stamen	5.93 ± 0.27	6.00 ± 0.00
小苞片宽/cm Width of bractlet	5.29 ± 1.37	4.39 ± 1.26 ^*	花丝长/cm Length of filament	2.86 ± 0.37	2.83 ± 0.54
花冠口直径/cm Diameter of corolla	17.30 ± 1.68	16.36 ± 2.18	花药长/cm Length of anther	2.43 ± 0.42	2.18 ± 0.35 ^*
花萼数 Number of calyx	6.56 ± 0.58	6.90 ± 0.31 ^**	子房长/cm Length of ovary	2.86 ± 0.45	3.71 ± 1.00 ^**
花萼长/cm Length of calyx	9.23 ± 0.98	8.30 ± 1.02 ^**	子房直径/cm Diameter of ovary	1.71 ± 0.36	1.98 ± 0.37 ^**
花萼宽/cm Width of calyx	5.29 ± 0.90	4.57 ± 0.71 ^**	子房托长度/cm Length of ovary base	1.45 ± 0.28	0.71 ± 0.26 ^**