园艺学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 137-145.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0110
梁振旭, 孙明德, 武阳, 田海青, 杜瑞瑞, 赵艳艳, 刘松忠*()
收稿日期:
2020-04-08
修回日期:
2020-07-20
出版日期:
2021-01-25
发布日期:
2021-01-29
通讯作者:
刘松忠
E-mail:szliu1978@163.com
基金资助:
LIANG Zhenxu, SUN Mingde, WU Yang, TIAN Haiqing, DU Ruirui, ZHAO Yanyan, LIU Songzhong*()
Received:
2020-04-08
Revised:
2020-07-20
Online:
2021-01-25
Published:
2021-01-29
Contact:
LIU Songzhong
E-mail:szliu1978@163.com
摘要:
2014—2016年,以‘黄冠’梨为材料,采用15N示踪技术研究了从幼树期到结果初期梨树对春季施用氮素的吸收利用及土壤残留与损失情况。研究结果表明,幼树期(2014—2015年)梨树生长以中心干和粗根等树体骨干结构建立为主,生长量相对较小;进入结果初期(2016年)后树体生长表现为树体骨干结构建立为主,枝梢等营养器官生长与产量形成并存,生长量大幅增加。整个试验期间,树体贮藏器官的标记氮素吸收量较大,其中幼树期中心干吸收量最大,结果初期粗根吸收量最大。0 ~ 100 cm土层标记氮素残留量随土层深度和施用年限增加逐渐降低,其中,施用标记氮素后第1年(2014年),土壤标记氮素残留量较高,残留率达63.61%,梨幼树对标记氮素利用率仅为3.25%。随后两年(2015—2016年)土壤残留量较低,树体对标记氮素利用率仅为0.51%和0.80%。试验结束时,幼树期到结果初期梨树对标记氮素的累计利用率为4.57%,土壤标记氮素残留量为20.34%,损失率达75.07%。
中图分类号:
梁振旭, 孙明德, 武阳, 田海青, 杜瑞瑞, 赵艳艳, 刘松忠. 梨幼树到结果初期春施15N-尿素的利用及其在土壤的残留与损失[J]. 园艺学报, 2021, 48(1): 137-145.
LIANG Zhenxu, SUN Mingde, WU Yang, TIAN Haiqing, DU Ruirui, ZHAO Yanyan, LIU Songzhong. Utilization of 15N-urea Applied in Spring for Pear Trees and Its Residual in Soil and Loss from the No-bearing Stage to the Young Bearing Stage[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2021, 48(1): 137-145.
土层/cm Soil layer | 有机质/(g · kg-1) Organic matter | 碱解氮/(mg · kg-1) Alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen | 有效磷/(mg · kg-1) Available phosphorus | 有效钾/(mg · kg-1) Available potassium | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 ~ 20 | 18.3 | 75.8 | 128.4 | 102.2 | 7.80 |
20 ~ 40 | 18.7 | 58.4 | 237.3 | 90.4 | 7.90 |
40 ~ 60 | 11.2 | 48.1 | 82.3 | 74.7 | 8.07 |
60 ~ 80 | 9.4 | 38.7 | 70.6 | 55.1 | 8.09 |
80 ~ 100 | 8.1 | 32.5 | 53.8 | 49.9 | 8.13 |
表1 试验地土壤理化性状
Table1 Physical and chemical characteristics of the experimental soil
土层/cm Soil layer | 有机质/(g · kg-1) Organic matter | 碱解氮/(mg · kg-1) Alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen | 有效磷/(mg · kg-1) Available phosphorus | 有效钾/(mg · kg-1) Available potassium | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 ~ 20 | 18.3 | 75.8 | 128.4 | 102.2 | 7.80 |
20 ~ 40 | 18.7 | 58.4 | 237.3 | 90.4 | 7.90 |
40 ~ 60 | 11.2 | 48.1 | 82.3 | 74.7 | 8.07 |
60 ~ 80 | 9.4 | 38.7 | 70.6 | 55.1 | 8.09 |
80 ~ 100 | 8.1 | 32.5 | 53.8 | 49.9 | 8.13 |
施氮日期 Date of N application | 施氮量 N application rate | 施磷量 P2O5 application rate | 施钾量 K2O application rate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
未标记氮素施用量 Urea application rate | 15N施用量 15N-urea application rate | 总施氮量 Total | |||
2014-04-26 | 16.16 | 1.38 | 17.54 | 8.77 | 17.54 |
2015-03-18 | 26.30 | 0 | 26.30 | 13.15 | 26.30 |
2016-03-20 | 35.08 | 0 | 35.08 | 17.54 | 35.08 |
表2 肥料施用时期与施用量
Table 2 Fertilizer application data and rate in the experiment g · 株-1
施氮日期 Date of N application | 施氮量 N application rate | 施磷量 P2O5 application rate | 施钾量 K2O application rate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
未标记氮素施用量 Urea application rate | 15N施用量 15N-urea application rate | 总施氮量 Total | |||
2014-04-26 | 16.16 | 1.38 | 17.54 | 8.77 | 17.54 |
2015-03-18 | 26.30 | 0 | 26.30 | 13.15 | 26.30 |
2016-03-20 | 35.08 | 0 | 35.08 | 17.54 | 35.08 |
采样日期 Sampling data | 叶片 Leaf | 短梢 Short shoot | 中长梢 Medium and long shoot | 一年生 枝 1-Year branch | 二年生 枝 2-Year branch | 中心干 Trunk | 粗根 Coarse root | 细根 Fine root | 果实 Fruit | 单株总量 Total Biomass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-03 | — | — | — | — | — | 35.8 a | 34.2 a | — | — | 70.0 ± 7.4 |
2014-11 | 7.3 e | 2.1 f | 25.8 c | — | — | 81.1 a | 45.8 b | 16.4 d | — | 178.4 ± 12.1 |
2015-11 | 57.3 d | 5.2 g | 91.0 c | 29.1 e | — | 428.5 a | 217.6 b | 18.5 f | — | 847.0 ± 19.7 |
2016-08 | 348.5 c | 39.1 f | 146.7 e | 317.6 d | 34.9 f | 634.8 b | 863.3 a | 24.0 g | 368.7 c | 2 777.4 ± 96.1 |
表3 不同采样时期梨树平均单株各器官生物量
Table3 Biomass of organs of pear trees at sampling data in 2014-2016 g
采样日期 Sampling data | 叶片 Leaf | 短梢 Short shoot | 中长梢 Medium and long shoot | 一年生 枝 1-Year branch | 二年生 枝 2-Year branch | 中心干 Trunk | 粗根 Coarse root | 细根 Fine root | 果实 Fruit | 单株总量 Total Biomass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-03 | — | — | — | — | — | 35.8 a | 34.2 a | — | — | 70.0 ± 7.4 |
2014-11 | 7.3 e | 2.1 f | 25.8 c | — | — | 81.1 a | 45.8 b | 16.4 d | — | 178.4 ± 12.1 |
2015-11 | 57.3 d | 5.2 g | 91.0 c | 29.1 e | — | 428.5 a | 217.6 b | 18.5 f | — | 847.0 ± 19.7 |
2016-08 | 348.5 c | 39.1 f | 146.7 e | 317.6 d | 34.9 f | 634.8 b | 863.3 a | 24.0 g | 368.7 c | 2 777.4 ± 96.1 |
年份 Year | 叶片 Leaf | 短梢 Short shoot | 中长梢 Medium and long shoot | 一年生 枝 1-Year branch | 二年生 枝 2-Year branch | 中心干 Trunk | 粗根 Coarse root | 细根 Fine root | 果实 Fruit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 6.7 | 1.9 | 23.8 | — | — | 41.8 | 10.7 | 15.1 | — |
2015 | 7.5 | 0.5 | 9.8 | 4.4 | — | 52.0 | 25.7 | 0.3 | — |
2016 | 15.1 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 14.9 | 1.8 | 10.7 | 33.4 | 0.3 | 19.1 |
表4 各器官年生长量占植株总生长量比例
Table 4 The ratio of the annual growth of each organ to the total growth of the plant in 2014-2016 %
年份 Year | 叶片 Leaf | 短梢 Short shoot | 中长梢 Medium and long shoot | 一年生 枝 1-Year branch | 二年生 枝 2-Year branch | 中心干 Trunk | 粗根 Coarse root | 细根 Fine root | 果实 Fruit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 6.7 | 1.9 | 23.8 | — | — | 41.8 | 10.7 | 15.1 | — |
2015 | 7.5 | 0.5 | 9.8 | 4.4 | — | 52.0 | 25.7 | 0.3 | — |
2016 | 15.1 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 14.9 | 1.8 | 10.7 | 33.4 | 0.3 | 19.1 |
采样日期 Sampling data | 叶片 Leaf | 短梢 Short shoot | 中长梢 Medium and long shoot | 一年生 枝 1-Year branch | 二年生 枝 2-Year branch | 中心干 Trunk | 粗根 Coarse root | 细根 Fine root | 果实 Fruit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-11 | 1.919 d | 2.566 a | 2.603 a | — | — | 2.127 c | 2.038 cd | 2.369 b | — |
2015-11 | 0.485 d | 0.558 c | 0.413 e | 0.444 de | — | 0.593 b | 0.589 b | 0.632 a | — |
2016-08 | 0.168 g | 0.187 f | 0.165 g | 0.186 f | 0.294 b | 0.262 c | 0.226 d | 0.302 a | 0.201 e |
表5 不同采样时期梨树各器官Ndff
Table 5 Ndff of organs of pear trees at sampling data in 2014-2016 %
采样日期 Sampling data | 叶片 Leaf | 短梢 Short shoot | 中长梢 Medium and long shoot | 一年生 枝 1-Year branch | 二年生 枝 2-Year branch | 中心干 Trunk | 粗根 Coarse root | 细根 Fine root | 果实 Fruit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-11 | 1.919 d | 2.566 a | 2.603 a | — | — | 2.127 c | 2.038 cd | 2.369 b | — |
2015-11 | 0.485 d | 0.558 c | 0.413 e | 0.444 de | — | 0.593 b | 0.589 b | 0.632 a | — |
2016-08 | 0.168 g | 0.187 f | 0.165 g | 0.186 f | 0.294 b | 0.262 c | 0.226 d | 0.302 a | 0.201 e |
采样日期 Sampling data | 叶片 Leaf | 短梢 Short shoot | 中长梢 Medium and long shoot | 一年生 枝 1-Year branch | 二年生 枝 2-Year branch | 中心干 Trunk | 粗根 Coarse root | 细根 Fine root | 果实 Fruit | 单株总量 Total Biomass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-11 | 1.54 e | 0.70 e | 8.30 c | — | — | 17.26 a | 12.32 b | 4.48 d | — | 44.79 ± 3.42 |
2015-11 | 4.57 c | 0.42 d | 4.52 c | 1.53 d | — | 22.16 a | 15.72 b | 1.36 d | — | 50.28 ± 4.87 |
2016-08 | 12.40 b | 0.60 e | 1.90 de | 4.40 d | 0.58 e | 9.42 c | 23.73 a | 0.64 e | 2.16 de | 55.85 ± 5.05 |
表6 不同采样时期梨树平均单株各器官标记氮素吸收量
Table 6 Labelled-N uptake of organs of pear trees at sampling data in 2014-2016 mg
采样日期 Sampling data | 叶片 Leaf | 短梢 Short shoot | 中长梢 Medium and long shoot | 一年生 枝 1-Year branch | 二年生 枝 2-Year branch | 中心干 Trunk | 粗根 Coarse root | 细根 Fine root | 果实 Fruit | 单株总量 Total Biomass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-11 | 1.54 e | 0.70 e | 8.30 c | — | — | 17.26 a | 12.32 b | 4.48 d | — | 44.79 ± 3.42 |
2015-11 | 4.57 c | 0.42 d | 4.52 c | 1.53 d | — | 22.16 a | 15.72 b | 1.36 d | — | 50.28 ± 4.87 |
2016-08 | 12.40 b | 0.60 e | 1.90 de | 4.40 d | 0.58 e | 9.42 c | 23.73 a | 0.64 e | 2.16 de | 55.85 ± 5.05 |
年份 Year | 15N吸收与利用 15N Uptake and utilization | 15N残留 15N Residual | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
年吸收/mg Annual uptake | 累计吸收/mg Total uptake | 年利用率/% Annual utilization percentage | 累计利用率/% Total utilization percentage | 残留量/mg Residual | 残留率/% Residual percentage | |||||
2014 | 44.79 ± 3.42 | — | 3.25 ± 0.07 | — | 877.8 ± 6.7 | 63.61 ± 0.48 | ||||
2015 | 7.08 ± 1.13 | 51.87 ± 6.22 | 0.51 ± 0.05 | 3.77 ± 0.26 | 497.1 ± 12.4 | 36.02 ± 0.90 | ||||
2016 | 11.24 ± 2.05 | 63.11 ± 5.47 | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 4.57 ± 0.48 | 280.7 ± 15.5 | 20.34 ± 1.13 | ||||
年份 Year | 15N损失 15N Loss | |||||||||
年损失/mg Annual loss | 累计损失/mg Total loss | 年损失率/% Annual loss percentage | 累计损失率/% Total loss percentage | |||||||
2014 | 457.4 ± 8.4 | — | 33.12 ± 0.61 | — | ||||||
2015 | 373.6 ± 9.7 | 831.3 ± 67.2 | 27.10 ± 1.08 | 60.22 ± 4.26 | ||||||
2016 | 205.2 ± 11.2 | 10 036.2 ± 94.4 | 14.86 ± 0.85 | 75.07 ± 3.93 |
表7 梨树平均单株15N吸收与利用、土壤残留与损失情况
Table 7 Uptake,residual and loss of labelled-N for pear trees during the year of 2014-2016
年份 Year | 15N吸收与利用 15N Uptake and utilization | 15N残留 15N Residual | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
年吸收/mg Annual uptake | 累计吸收/mg Total uptake | 年利用率/% Annual utilization percentage | 累计利用率/% Total utilization percentage | 残留量/mg Residual | 残留率/% Residual percentage | |||||
2014 | 44.79 ± 3.42 | — | 3.25 ± 0.07 | — | 877.8 ± 6.7 | 63.61 ± 0.48 | ||||
2015 | 7.08 ± 1.13 | 51.87 ± 6.22 | 0.51 ± 0.05 | 3.77 ± 0.26 | 497.1 ± 12.4 | 36.02 ± 0.90 | ||||
2016 | 11.24 ± 2.05 | 63.11 ± 5.47 | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 4.57 ± 0.48 | 280.7 ± 15.5 | 20.34 ± 1.13 | ||||
年份 Year | 15N损失 15N Loss | |||||||||
年损失/mg Annual loss | 累计损失/mg Total loss | 年损失率/% Annual loss percentage | 累计损失率/% Total loss percentage | |||||||
2014 | 457.4 ± 8.4 | — | 33.12 ± 0.61 | — | ||||||
2015 | 373.6 ± 9.7 | 831.3 ± 67.2 | 27.10 ± 1.08 | 60.22 ± 4.26 | ||||||
2016 | 205.2 ± 11.2 | 10 036.2 ± 94.4 | 14.86 ± 0.85 | 75.07 ± 3.93 |
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